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LE5 Flashcards

1
Q

This is a graph that shows the relationship of two quantitative variables
A. Bar chart
B. Pie graph
C. Line graph
D. Histogram
E. Scatter plot

A

C. Line graph

Quantitative:
* scatterpoint - Correlation data for two quantitative variables
* Histogram- Representation of the frequency distribution of a continuous variable, includes age groups
* Bar graph (Variable) : Comparison of absolute or relative counts, rate, etc between and among categories of the variables

Qualitative:
Pie chart- Shows breakdown of a whole or total with few categories

Time series:
Line diagram/graph: Shows trend data or changes as to time or age

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2
Q

Statistics enables us to remove the uncertainty of the relationship between variables and approximates a 100% clarity.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

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3
Q

What is the importance of appropriate determination of sample size?
A. The actual number of samples needed to complete the study is decreased by at least 50%
B. The feasibility of the study in terms of availability of the subject is assured
C. The duration of study and estimate of the budget can be extended beyond the estimates
D. All those belonging to the population being studied are assured of being included as a subject in the study

A

B. The feasibility of the study in terms of availability of the subject is assured

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4
Q

A type of sampling technique used commonly in epidemiologic researches where natural groupings of individuals are selected from a population based on geographic areas or district:
A. Cluster
B. Systematic
C. Consecutive
D. Stratified

A

D. Stratified

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5
Q

Categories are used as labels to distinguish one group from another:
A. Cofounders
B. Quatitative variables
C. Discrete variables
D. Qualitative variables

A

D. Qualitative variables

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6
Q

When one is collecting data by interviewing, or
administering a questionnaire or by observing, he is collecting
A. Census data
B. Primary data
C. Secondary data
D. Sample data

A

B. Primary data

A primary data source is an original data source, that is, one in which the data are collected firsthand by the researcher for a specific research purpose or project.

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7
Q

A measure on how close the experimental value is to the true value is
A. Accuracy
B. Precision

A

A. Accuracy

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8
Q

Which of the following is part of the study of statistics?
A. Data collection
B. Data analysis
C. Data presentation
D. Data interpretation
E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

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9
Q

Which one is NOT a characteristic of ideal measure dispersion?
A. It is not affected by extreme values
B. It must be easy to understand
C. It is the most unreliable measure of central tendency
D. It is least affected by sampling fluctuation

A

C. It is the most unreliable measure of central tendency

  • rigidly defined.
  • easy to understand and easy to calculate.
  • based on all the observations of the data.
  • subjected to further mathematical treatment.
  • be least affected by the sampling fluctuation.
  • not be unduly affected by the extreme values
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10
Q

Factors that contribute to random error include
A. Poor accuracy
B. Sampling error
C. Bias in measurement
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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11
Q

All of the following information are considered critical in the computation of sample size, EXCEPT:
A. Whether the variable under study is paired or unpaired
B. Whether both a and b errors are considered
C. Whether the effect size set is big or small
D. Whether the study will utilize primary or secondary data

A

D. Whether the study will utilize primary or secondary data

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12
Q

When the distribution of the group of individuals according to whom they voted for president during the last elections are graphically depicted, which of the graph types can be used?
A. Polygon
B. Histogram
C. Scatterplot
D. Pie chart

A

D. Pie chart

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13
Q

Which of the following types of graphs can be used to describe the distribution of the population according to socio-economic status (high, medium, or low)?
A. Bar chart
B. Pie chart
C. Component bar chart
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

Qualitative:
* Bar graph
* Pie chart
* Component bar graph

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14
Q

Error that occurs when data lead one to conclude that something is true, when in reality, it is not true.
A. Alpha error
B. Beta error
C. Blunder
D. Systematic error

A

A. Alpha error

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15
Q

Where the data mislead because they are not representative of the population
A. Selection bias
B. Classification bias
C. Sampling bias
D. Validity bias

A

A. Selection bias

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16
Q

The direction of the relationship is enough to ascertain the strength of the association between variables.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

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17
Q

Which deals with an inspection average?
A. Mode
B. Mean
C. Median
D. Dispersion

A

A. Mode

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18
Q

A null hypothesis is the hypothesis that states a difference between variables.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

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19
Q

The square root of the mean of the square of the individual deviations from the mean is
A. Average of variation
B. Standard deviation
C. Range
D. Coefficient of range

A

B. Standard deviation

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20
Q

Which of the following sampling methods involves obtaining a sample where the probability of inclusion of a unit is not known/specified?
A. Simple random
B. Systematic
C. Stratified
D. Quota

A

D. Quota

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21
Q
  1. The appropriate test of statistical significance for this trial IS:.
    * the critical ratio
    * the odds ration
    * the paired t test
    * z test
A

the paired t test

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22
Q
  1. By mere inspection of data, what can you conclude?.
    * Even if clinically meaningful, the difference is not statistically significant
    * Even if statistically significant, the difference is probably not clinically meaningful
    * If clinically meaningful, the test must be statistically significant
    * The difference is definitely clinically meaningful
A

Even if statistically significant, the difference is probably not clinically meaningful

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23
Q
  1. Before concluding that the intervention lacks statistical significance, you would want to consider:.
    * beta error
    * alpha level
    * critical ratio
    * p value
    * type 1 error
A

beta error

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24
Q
  1. Error that occurs when data lead one to conclude that something is true, when in reality, it is not true.
    * alpha error
    * beta error
    * blunder
    * systematic error
A

alpha error

Type I/ Alpha / False Positive Error: Error that occurs when data lead one to conclude that something is true, when in reality it is not true. Suggests that the test is not specific.
FP Error Rate = FP / (FP + TN)

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25
Q
  1. Which of the following about Ratio is not correct?.
    A. it measures quotient of two numbers without taking particular considerations to time or place
    B. it expressed the relative frequency of occurrence of event compared to another event
    C. it measures the probability of occurrence of some particular event
    D. ratio realizes the implications of certain data to a physicians practice
A

C. it measures the probability of occurrence of some particular event

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26
Q
  1. Which graph is suitable to be used to show the increasing cases of COVID-19 from March-August?.
    * line graph
    * histogram
    * pie chart
    * bar graph
A

line graph

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27
Q

The alpha is inversely proportional to the probability of committing a Type I error.
True
False

A

True

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28
Q

If a test of significance gives a value lower than the alpha-level, the null hypothesis is rejected..
* True
* False

A

True

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29
Q
  1. Which one is NOT a characteristic of an ideal measure dispersion?
    * it is not affected by extreme values
    * it must be easy to understand
    * it is the most unreliable measure of central tendency
    * it is least affected by sampling fluctuation
A

it is the most unreliable measure of central tendency

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30
Q
  1. The following can be considered advantages of doing Sampling in a research undertaking, EXCEPT:.
    A. Samples can be studied more quickly than entire population
    B. It can decrease the expense of the study
    C. It increases heterogeneity resulting in a more representative group of subjects
    D. It often gives more accurate results than studies done based on large population
A

C. It increases heterogeneity resulting in a more representative group of subjects

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31
Q

47.A type of sampling technique used commonly in epidemiologic researches where natural groupings of individuals are selected from a population based on geographic areas or district:.
* cluster
* systematic
* consecutive
* stratified

A

stratified

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32
Q

48.A type of non-probability sampling technique considered to be the one that best approximates probability sampling technique as it eventually leads to inclusion of all eligible subjects during the duration of the study:.
* multistage
* judgmental
* snowball
* consecutive

A

multistage

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33
Q

49.Which of the following sampling methods involves obtaining a sample where the probability of inclusion of a unit is not known/specified?.
* A. Simple Random sampling
* B. Systematic sampling
* Stratified sampling
* Quota sampling

A
  • Quota sampling
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34
Q

50.What is the importance of appropriate determination of sample size?.
A. the actual number of samples needed to complete the study is decreased by at least 50%
B. the feasibility of the study in terms of availability of the subject is assured
C. the duration of study and estimate of the budget can be extended beyond the estimates
D. all those belonging to the population being studied are assured of being included as a subject in the study

A

B. the feasibility of the study in terms of availability of the subject is assured

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35
Q

51.An investigator wants to undertake a study involving the reason for drug abuse among Filipinos. Which of the following methods is the most appropriate sampling method to be used?.

  • A. Simple Random Sampling
  • B. Non-probability sampling
  • Systematic Sampling
  • Multistage Sampling
A

B. Non-probability sampling

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36
Q

52.What is the process of specifying the kind of subjects best suited to the research question and where to recruit them?.
* exclusion critera
* randomization
* sampling design
* sampling or eligibility critera

A
  • sampling design
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37
Q

53.A physician wants to determine the prevalence of parasitism among school children in an urban area where most children in private schools come from affluent families whereas, most children from public schools come from poor families. What is the most appropriate type of sampling methodology to use in this situation?.
* simple random sampling
* systematic sampling
* stratified random sampling
* multi stage sampling

A
  • stratified random sampling
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38
Q

54.What is the sampling method wherein every subject falling within a fixed sampling interval is obtained from a population N which is arranged in some definite way?.
* simple random sampling
* stratified sampling
* systematic sampling
* cluster sampling

A
  • systematic sampling
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39
Q

55.What type of sampling technique is used for “Man- in-the-street” surveys and interviews among senior citizens who drop in at a health booth in a mall?.
* simple random sampling
* systematic random sampling
* convenience sampling
* cluster sampling

A

convenience sampling

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40
Q

56.What is the probability sampling method that assures adequate representation of minority sub- groups?.
* A. Systematic random sampling
* B. Stratified random sampling
* Cluster sampling
* Simple random sampling

A
  • B. Stratified random sampling
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41
Q
  1. Which sampling method is appropriate when a population is not widely spread geographically?.
    * simple random sampling
    * systematic random sampling
    * stratified random sampling
    * multi stage sampling
A

simple random sampling

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42
Q
  • 58.What is the maximum subject drop-out rate in a study in order for that study’s results to remain acceptable?.
    <10%
    <20%
    <15%
    <5%
A

<20%

43
Q

59.All of the following information are considered critical in the computation of sample size, EXCEPT:.
A. Whether the variable under study is paired or unpaired
B. Whether both α and β errors are considered
C. Whether the effect size set is big or small
D. Whether the study will utilize primary or secondary data

A

D. Whether the study will utilize primary or secondary data

44
Q

63.Which of the following types of graphs can be used to describe the distribution of the population according to socio-economic status (high, medium, or low)?.
* bar chart
* pie chart
* component bar chart
* all of the above

A

all of the above

45
Q

64.This is a graph that shows the relationship of two quantitative variables.
* bar chart
* pie chart
* line graph
* histogram
* scatter plot

A

line graph

46
Q

65.When one is collecting data by interviewing, or administering a questionnaire or by observing, he is collecting.
* Census data
* primary data
* secondary data
* sample data

A

primary data

47
Q

66.The process of determining the probable size of a population in the future is called.
* statistical inference
* point estimation
* projection
* descriptive statistics
* none of the above

A

projection

48
Q

67.Sex, religion, occupation and family planning method used are examples of.
* qualitative variables
* quantitative variables
* nominal variables
* A and C
* B and C

A

qualitative variables

49
Q

68.When the distribution of the group of individuals according to whom they voted for president during the last elections are graphically depicted, which of the graph types can be used?.
* polygon
* histogram
* scatterplot
* pie chart
* none of the above

A
  • scatterplot
50
Q

69.When the distribution of the group of individuals according to health expenses (in Pesos) is given, which of the graph types can be used?.
* polygon
* histogram
* scatterplot
* pie chart
* none of the above

A
  • histogram
51
Q
  1. The data for constructing a population pyramid is obtained from a.
    * one-way frequency distribution
    * two-way frequency distribution
    * three-way frequency distribution
    * four-way frequency distribution
A
  • two-way frequency distribution
52
Q

81.This is the most frequently occurring value in a series of observations.
* mean
* median
* mode
* none of these

A
  • mode
53
Q

82.The square root of the mean of the square of the individual deviations from the mean is.
* average deviation
* coefficient of variation
* standard deviation
* range

A
  • standard deviation
54
Q

83.An observation that has an inherent order among categories.
* numerical scale
* nominal scale
* ordinal scale
* binary observation

A
  • ordinal scale
55
Q

84.Which among the following is NOT a measure of dispersion?.
* range
* coefficient of variation
* variance
* mode

A
  • mode
56
Q

86.What is the effect of an inadequate sample size for a study?.
A. Subjects may not be a random representative of the base population
B. The researcher will not be able to apply the appropriate statistical test for the kind of data available
C. There may not be enough subjects that will develop the outcome, in order to detect a difference
D. The researcher might find an association between independent and dependent variables, even if there actually is none

A

C. There may not be enough subjects that will develop the outcome, in order to detect a difference

57
Q

87.Target population in a study refers to all of the following, EXCEPT:.
A. Population to which the results will be generalized
B. Defined by temporal characteristics
C. Defined by clinical characteristics
D. Defined by demographic characteristics

A

C. Defined by clinical characteristics

58
Q

88.In a study about people’s attitudes toward selling condoms in the supermarkets, the first 59 adults who entered the supermarket during the day of the data collection were interviewed. This sampling design is:.
* systematic probability sampling
* accidental non probability sampling
* multi state probability sampling
* simple random sampling

A
  • accidental non probability sampling
59
Q

89.The main characteristic of non-probability sampling designs is:.
* The probability of the sample being selected is not easy to determine or specify
* All individuals in the population will be included as samples
* All individuals in the population have an equal and predictable chance of being sampled
* All individuals will have a non-zero chance of being selected as a sample

A
  • The probability of the sample being selected is not easy to determine or specify
60
Q

90.In measuring the sex ratio,.
* The number of males is subtracted from the number of females
* The number of females is subtracted from the number of males
* The number of males is the numerator while the number of females is the denominator
* The number of females is the numerator while the number of males is the denominator

A
  • The number of males is the numerator while the number of females is the denominator
61
Q

91.Which characterizes a normal curve sigmoidal
* mean>median>mode
* Completely described by the mean and standard deviation
* Total area under the curve is greater than or equal to 1

A
  • Completely described by the mean and standard deviation
62
Q
  1. Before concluding that the intervention lacks statistical significance, you would want to consider:.
  • beta error
  • alpha level
  • critical ratio
  • p value
  • type 1 error
A

beta error

63
Q
  1. Error that occurs when data lead one to conclude that something is true, when in reality, it is not true.
    * alpha error
    * beta error
    * blunder
    * systematic error
A
  • alpha error
64
Q
  1. Which of the following about Ratio is not correct?.
    A. it measures quotient of two numbers without taking particular considerations to time or place
    B. it expressed the relative frequency of occurrence of event compared to another event
    C. it measures the probability of occurrence of some particular event
    D. ratio realizes the implications of certain data to a physicians practice
A

C. it measures the probability of occurrence of some particular event

65
Q
  1. Which graph is suitable to be used to show the increasing cases of COVID-19 from March-August?.
    * line graph
    * histogram
    * pie chart
    * bar graph
A

line graph

66
Q
  1. The alpha is inversely proportional to the probability of committing a Type II error.
    * True
    * False
A

True

67
Q
  1. If a test of significance gives a value lower than the alpha-level, the null hypothesis is rejected..
    True
    False
A

True

68
Q
  1. If a test of significance gives a value lower than the alpha-level, the null hypothesis is rejected..
    True
    False
A

True

69
Q
  1. Which one is NOT a characteristic of an ideal measure dispersion?
    * it is not affected by extreme values
    * it must be easy to understand
    * it is the most unreliable measure of central tendency
    * it is least affected by sampling fluctuation
A
  • it is the most unreliable measure of central tendency
70
Q
  1. A population pyramid is a special type of what graph?.
    * line graph
    * histogram
    * pie chart
    * bar graph
A
  • bar graph
71
Q
  1. Where the data mislead because they are not representative of the population.
    * selection bias
    * classification bias
    * sampling bias
    * validity bias
    * population bias
A

selection bias

72
Q
  1. Which is used to summarized a big data set using less numbers?.
    * summarizing
    * cleaning
    * descriptive Statistics
    * analysis
A
  • descriptive Statistics
73
Q
  1. Which of the following gives best result when deviation is taken from median?
    * standard deviation
    * mean absolute deviation
    * skewness
    * coefficient of variation
A
  • mean absolute deviation
74
Q
  1. This illustration shows.
    * low precision, low accuracy
    * low precision, high accuracy
    * high precision, low accuracy
    * high precision ,high accuracy
A
  • high precision, low accuracy
75
Q
  1. Statistics enables us to remove the uncertainty of the relationship between variables and approximates a 100% clarity.
    * True
    * False
A

False

We can never be completely 100% certain that a relationship exists between two variables. There are too many sources of error to be controlled, for example, sampling error, researcher bias, problems with reliability and validity, simple mistakes, etc.

76
Q
  1. A graphical representation used in studying the age-sex structure of the population.
    * bar graph
    * pie chart
    * population pyramid
    * histogram
A
  • population pyramid
77
Q
    1. A null hypothesis is the hypothesis that states a difference between variables..
      True
      False
A

False

78
Q
  1. Type II or Beta Error that occurs when data lead one to conclude that something is false, when in reality, it is true. The False negative rate suggests that the test is therefore sensitive.
    * Both are True
    * Both are False
    * First is True, Second is False
    * First is False, Second is True
A

First is True, Second is False

79
Q
  1. A null hypothesis states that the proposed relationship is untrue.
    True
    False
A

True

80
Q
  1. Statistical correlation analysis is possible between qualitative variables.
    True
    False
A

False

81
Q
  1. No comparison of greater or less, higher or lower, better or worse.
    * quantitative variables
    * qualitative variables
    * continuous variables
    * discrete variables
A
  • qualitative variables
82
Q
  1. Which deals with an inspection average?.
    * mode
    * mean
    * median
    * dispersion
A
  • mode
83
Q
  1. To determine the capability of the hospital to deliver health services, the management assessed the number of beds per population. What measure is this?.
    * ratio
    * rate
    * proportion
    * count
A
  • ratio
84
Q
  1. Dr. Pascual and his team selected group of participants by random sampling and asked that group for the same information again several times over a period of time. What is the sampling method used?.
    * cluster sampling
    * panel sampling
    * purposive sampling
    * snowball sampling
A
  • panel sampling
85
Q
  1. Uncertainty between true value and observed value is.
    error
    mistake
    blunder
    deviation
A

error

85
Q
  1. Uncertainty between true value and observed value is.
    error
    mistake
    blunder
    deviation
A

error

86
Q
  1. Type 1 error is the probability of finding a difference with our sample compared to population, and there really isn’t one. This is usually set at 5% (or 0.05)
    * both are true
    * both are false
    * first is ture, second false
    * first is false, second is true
A
  • both are true
87
Q
  1. Statistical significance is achieved when:.
    * alpha is greatar than or equal to p
    * beta equals alpha
    * p is greater than alpha
    * p is greater than beta
A

alpha is greatar than or equal to p

88
Q
  1. In statistics, a result is called significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance.
    True
    False
A

True

89
Q
  1. Measurement that is free of random error.
    * accuracy
    * precision
    * both
    * neither
A
  • neither
90
Q
  1. The direction of the relationship is enough to ascertain the strength of the association between variables.
    True
    False
A

False

91
Q
  1. The smaller the probability of being wrong, the more significant is the relationship being statistically significant
    True
    False
A

True

92
Q
  1. Categories are used as labels to distinguish one group from another.
    * confounders
    * quantitative variables
    * discrete variables
    * qualitative variables
A

qualitative variables

93
Q
  1. The mathematical formula for a straight line is y=mx+b. The conceptual approach to this formula is not the same in mathematics as in statistics. In statistics:.
    * Only m is unknown
    * the equation is irrelevant
    * and y are known, and m and b are to be determined
    * y is known, and x is to be determined
A
  • and y are known, and m and b are to be determined
94
Q
  1. Factors that contribute to random error include.
    * poor accuracy
    * sampling error
    * bias in measurement
    * all of the above
A

all of the above

95
Q
  1. The date today is what kind of date.
    * nominal
    * ordinal
    * interval
    * ratio
A

interval

95
Q
  1. The date today is what kind of date.
    * nominal
    * ordinal
    * interval
    * ratio
A

interval

96
Q
  1. Data collection tool that makes use of checklist and to quantify people behavior and attitudes
    A. Focused-group discussion
    B. Interview
    C. Experiment
    D. Questionnaire
A

D. Questionnaire

97
Q
  1. Categories are used as labels to distinguish one group from the other
    A. Confounders
    B. Quantitaive Variables
    C. Discrete Variables
    D. Qualitative Variables
A

D. Qualitative Variables

98
Q
  1. Interpreting odds ratio, which of the following is true?
    * A. OR <1 increasing the person’s development of the outcome
    * B. OR = 1 exposure increase/decrease the persons development of the outcome
    * C. OR = 1 exposure no effect in having the outcome
    * D. OR >1 decreases the person’s development of the outcome
A

C. OR = 1 exposure no effect in having the outcome

99
Q

Which of the following parameters of the normal distribution determines the position of the curve along the x-axis?
a. Mean
b. Variance
c. Standard deviation
d. Coefficient of Variance

A

a. Mean

100
Q

Which determine how flat or peaked the curve is?
a. Mean
b. Standard deviation
c. Variance
d. Coefficient of variance

A

a. Mean

101
Q

11.Which of the following does not characterize indirect standardization of rates?.
* The standardized mortality ratio is the final output that will be utilized to compare the death rates of the 2 populations
* The standardized mortality ratio is the final output that will be utilized to compare the death rates of the 2 populations
* The standardized age-specific death rate is used instead of the original specific death rate
* Redistributing or combining the population is used to remove the effect of unwanted variable

A
  • Redistributing or combining the population is used to remove the effect of unwanted variable

PMCH (6 decks)

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