Finals PMCH (2024) Flashcards
Which of the following statements is true regarding the natural history of dengue?
A. In the pre-pathogenesis stage, there is a balance in the interaction of the host, agent and the
environment.
B. The appearance of fever heralds the onset of the sub-clinical stage.
C. The multiplication of the dengue virus in the body, even before the fever and rash appear, signifies the start of the clinical horizon of the disease.
D. Progression from the stage of clinical disease always leads back to the stage of susceptibility
C. The multiplication of the dengue virus in the body, even before the fever and rash appear, signifies the start of the clinical horizon of the disease.
Type of family structure that includes step-parents and step-children:
A. Communal
B. Extended
C. Blended
D. Single parent
C. Blended
The smaller the probability of being wrong, the more significant is the relationship being statistically
significant.
A. True
B. False
A. True
The goal of tertiary level of prevention is:
A. To limit permanent disability as a sequel of the disease
B. To promote health
C. To make an early diagnosis to stop the progression of the disease
D. To improve the quality of life
A. To limit permanent disability as a sequel of the disease
Providing prompt and adequate treatment to Leah demonstrates level of prevention.
A. Primordial
B. Primary
C. Secondary
D. Tertiary
C. Secondary
Get the range of the given score of students in PMCH 3rd LE: 56, 47, 35, 63, 50, 72, 67, 70
A. 40
B. 52
C. 37
D. 38
C. 37
Answer to the question: “Do you breastfeed your baby?”
A. Constant
B. Variable
C. Both
B. Variable
This is a graph that shows the relationship of two quantitative variables
A. Bar chart
B. Pie graph
C. Line graph
E. Scatter plot
C. Line graph
Statistics enables us to remove the uncertainty of the relationship between variables and approximates a 100% clarity.
A. True
B. False
B. False
What is the importance of appropriate determination of sample size?
A. The actual number of samples needed to complete the study is decreased by at least 50%
B. The feasibility of the study in terms of availability of the subject is assured
C. The duration of study and estimate of the budget can be extended beyond the estimates
D. All those belonging to the population being studied are assured of being included as a subject in the study
B. The feasibility of the study in terms of availability of the subject is assured
Majority (45%) of the communication process is:
A. Listening
B. Speaking
C. Writing
D. Reading
A. Listening
Mr and Mrs Paredes are happily married for 8 years.
They have 2 children aged 3 and 5 which of the
following are NOT TRUE for second order changes in Paredes family.
A. Accepting marital system
B. Meeting predictable and unexpected costs of family life with small children
C. Realignment of relationship with extended family
D. Taking on parenting role
B. Meeting predictable and unexpected costs of family life with small children
Which best measures the adequacy and accessibility of health services?
A. Cause specific mortality rate
B. Maternal mortality rate
C. Proportionate mortality rate
D. Incidence rate
B. Maternal mortality rate
Which of the following elements can be classified as SOCIAL factor?
A. Beliefs or attitudes
B. Environmental conditions
C. Emotions
D. Personality traits
C. Emotions
The following are barriers in communication that has to do with the communicator EXCEPT?
A. Selective perception
B. Lack of self confidence
C. Lack of enthusiasm
D. Unwillingness to learn new approach
A. Selective perception
What is a feature which differentiates health promotion from health education?
A. It raises awareness on health and factors contributing to health
B. It motivates people to make changes in their lifestyle for their health
C. It provides information on the prevention of disease
D. It involves environment and political action
A. It raises awareness on health and factors contributing to health
A 40 year old male was brought to the emergency room unconscious because of profuse bleeding from a wound on his head. No relatives were available at that time. As the physician on duty at that time you treated the patient aggressively and sutured his wound. What bioethical principle is this?
A. Beneficence
B. Non maleficence
C. Double effect
D. Totality
A. Beneficence
A type of sampling technique used commonly in
epidemiologic researches where natural groupings of individuals are selected from a population based on geographic areas or district:
A. Cluster
B. Systematic
C. Consecutive
D. Stratified
D. Stratified
Categories are used as labels to distinguish one group from another:
A. Cofounders
B. Quatitative variables
C. Discrete variables
D. Qualitative variables
D. Qualitative variables
The Four O’ Clock Habit is a DOH program aimed at promoting everyday habits such as emptying water containers, cleaning canals and reducing stagnant water in the surroundings to control the population of Aedes mosquitos as a means of preventing
transmission of the dengue virus. The Four O’ Clock Habit is helpful in modifying outcomes for individuals in the of dengue.
A. Stage of clinical disease
B. Stage of susceptibility
C. Stage of subclinical disease
D. Stage of recovery
B. Stage of susceptibility
When one is collecting data by interviewing, or administering a questionnaire or by observing, he is collecting
A. Census data
B. Primary data
C. Secondary data
D. Sample data
B. Primary data
Transitional pyramid where declining fertility rate is reversed:
A. Stage 1
B. Stage 2
C. Stage 3
D. Stage 4
D. Stage 4
Number of stars in the Big Dipper
A. Constant
B. Variable
C. Both
A. Constant
45 y/o female feels that she has not done anything of value to help the next generation. The person is
A. Feeling of loss of self-control
B. Having a confusion in her role
C. Having mid-life crisis
D. Having mistrust and anxiety
A. Feeling of loss of self-control
A measure on how close the experimental value is to the true value is
A. Accuracy
B. Precision
A. Accuracy
Which of the following is part of the study of statistics?
A. Data collection
B. Data analysis
C. Data presentation
D. Data interpretation
E. All of the above
E. All of the above
In the biopsychological model of disease, emotional behavior fits into the:
A. Psychological component
B. Social component
C. Biological component
D. Emotional component
A. Psychological component
Which one is NOT a characteristic of ideal measure dispersion?
A. It is not affected by extreme values
B. It must be easy to understand
C. It is the most unreliable measure of central tendency
D. It is least affected by sampling fluctuation
C. It is the most unreliable measure of central tendency
Has the highest dependency ratio and lowest number of geriatric individuals
A. Stage 1
B. Stage 2
C. Stage 3
D. Stage 4
A. Stage 1
Uncertainty between true value and observed value is
A. Error
B. Mistake
C. Blunder
D. Deviation
A. Error
Which element makes the epidemiologic triad a tetrad
A. Agent
B. Host
C. Environment
D. Time
D. Time
CG, a 35-year old female, single, nulligravid (never been pregnant) sought consult for a lump she felt on her breast after doing a self-breast exam. This is the first time that she detected a breast mass despite
doing this self-breast exam regularly because she was aware that she had an increased risk for breast cancer as her mother, aunt and an elder sister were all
diagnosed with breast cancer. The doctor
recommended that she undergo a biopsy, which eventually revealed that the mass malignant. She
agreed to undergo radical mastectomy (removal of the breast) and several cycles of chemotherapy. After 3
years of battling the disease, she eventually succumbed and passed away. A positive family history for breast cancer can be considered as for
developing cancer in CG’s case.
A. Causative agent
B. Predisposing factor
C. Precipitating factor
D. Underlying factor
B. Predisposing factor
Factors that contribute to random error include
A. Poor accuracy
B. Sampling error
C. Bias in measurement
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
The Four O’ Clock Habit is a DOH program aimed at promoting everyday habits such as emptying water containers, cleaning canals and reducing stagnant water in the surroundings to control the population of Aedes mosquitos as a means of preventing
transmission of the dengue virus The Four O’ Clock Habit is an example of a prevention program.
A. Primary
B. Secondary
C. Tertiary
D. Primordial
A. Primary
Mr. Cruz is a 47 year old male who has hypertension.
He is accompanied by his 45 yr old wife Mrs. Cruz
during each consult. When you inquired you found out that they have a 20 year old daughter who has
recently married whose husband now lives with them. They also have two other children a 14 yr old boy and a 9 yr old boy. What is the classification of the Cruz family based on structure?
A. Bilaterally extended
B. Unilaterally extended
C. Nuclear
D. Blended
C. Nuclear
Transitional pyramid where declining fertility rate is reversed
A. Stage
B. Stage 2
C. Stage 3
D. Stage 4
D. Stage 4
Type of family structure that includes individuals living together as a group and through its kinship network provides support functions to all members
A. Nuclear
B. Extended
C. Blended
D. Single parent
B. Extended
True of confirmatory tests
A. Used to “rule out” true hypothesis/diagnosis
B. Must have a high degree of specificity and a low FP/Type I error rate
C. Must have a low degree and a low FP/Type I error rate
B. Must have a high degree of specificity and a low FP/Type I error rate
A NEW diagnostic tool for COVID-19 is discovered. Called the COVID breath test, it claims to have a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 95% when compared to the GOLD STANDARD of RT-PCR testing. In a population of 2750 and an COVID-19 prevalence of 3%, answer the following: How many patients are expected to test positive for the breath test?
A. 82
B. 208
C. 5
D. 2506
A. 82
In a study of the effectiveness of a new Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) in reducing chronic knee pain among arthritic patients, which of the
following volunteers should NOT be accepted for the study?
A. 50 year old female with knee pain for the last year
B. 50 year old female with previous history of acid reflux disease
C. 50 year old female on maintenance medication for controlled mild hypertension
D. 50 year old male with no known allergies for NSAIDs
B. 50 year old female with previous history of acid reflux disease
Ways in which the family plays a role in the health of its members includes the ff. EXCEPT:
A. Family based health and illness appraisal
B. Help seeking or deciding on the issue of seeking medical support
C. Non-adherence to prescribed treatment
D. Care giving
C. Non-adherence to prescribed treatment
A NEW diagnostic tool for COVID-19 is discovered. Called the COVID breath test, it claims to have a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 95% when compared to the GOLD STANDARD of RT-PCR testing. In a population of 2750 and an COVID-19 prevalence of 3%, answer the following: How many patients are expected to test negative for RT-PCR?
A. 76
B. 141
C. 1845
D. 2667
D. 2667
Elena a 40 year old female, single and lives with her parents with no known boyfriend since birth. She is a senior sales executive with good career. Which of the following is NOT a factor that would prolong her in the Unattached Young Adult Stage?
A. Availability of new career options for women
B. Increased educational requirements in the word of work
C. More negative attitudes about remaining single
D. Personal autonomy emphasis
C. More negative attitudes about remaining single
In the epidemiologic triangle, creating opportunities for improvement of housing and education, and provision of adequate health services addresses the
component
A. Physical
B. Social
C. Biological
D. Political
B. Social
Which of the following is the appropriate target of primary prevention programs?
A. Physicians
B. Populations
C. Patients with a specific disease condition
D. Family members of sick individuals
D. Family members of sick individuals
All of the following information are considered critical in the computation of sample size, EXCEPT:
A. Whether the variable under study is paired or unpaired
B. Whether both α and β errors are considered
C. Whether the effect size set is big or small
D. Whether the study will utilize primary or secondary data
D. Whether the study will utilize primary or secondary data
Ability of a test to indicate non-disease when no disease is present is
A. Sensitivity
B. Specificity
C. Validity
D. Accuracy
B. Specificity
When the distribution of the group of individuals according to whom they voted for president during the last elections are graphically depicted, which of the graph types can be used?
A. Polygon
B. Histogram
C. Scatterplot
D. Pie chart
D. Pie chart
Which of the following types of graphs can be used to describe the distribution of the population according to socio-economic status (high, medium, or low)?
A. Bar chart
B. Pie chart
C. Component bar chart
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Error that occurs when data lead one to conclude that something is true, when in reality, it is not true.
A. Alpha error
B. Beta error
C. Blunder
D. Systematic error
A. Alpha error
Barangay X is a community of 100,000 persons in the country. During typhoon Haiyan in 2013, there were 1,000 deaths from all causes. A study of all cases of
tuberculosis found the number of deaths at 300 (200 males and 100 females). During 2012, there were only 60 deaths from tuberculosis, 50 of them males. What is the case fatality rate for tuberculosis in 2013?
A. 10/1000
B. 300/100000
C. Cannot be computed
D. 60 per 1000y
C. Cannot be computed
Where the data mislead because they are not representative of the population
A. Selection bias
B. Classification bias
C. Sampling bias
D. Validity bias
A. Selection bias
The rule in census that allocates individuals according to their declared permanent residence is called
A. De jure method
B. De facto method
C. Descriptive method
D. Registrative method
B. De facto method
Accepting parent-offspring separation
A. First order change
B. Second order change
C. Episodic problems
D. Key principle
B. Second order change
The bioethical principle that signifies do no harm
A. Beneficence
B. Non maleficence
C. Autonomy
D. Justice
B. Non maleficence
Which of the following will improve listening skills?
A. Being preoccupied
B. Being open minded and defensive
C. Asking questions
D. Interpreting when unnecessary
C. Asking questions
Definition of the family from a biologic viewpoint refers to the ff:
A. Genetic transmission unit
B. Matrix of personality development
C. Enduing social form in which a person is incorporated
D. Most intimate emotional unit of society
A. Genetic transmission unit
A 45 y/o female patient is raising two teen-age
children, a 13 y/o and a 15 y/o. She came for consult to seek advice regarding diet pills because she thinks she is obese and wants to reduce weight. On PE she is 5’2” in height, 110 lbs in weight, BMI of 20. One of the psycho-social problems encountered in this family stage is:
A. Climacteric
B. Infertility
C. Insecurity due to changes in appearance
D. Menopause
C. Insecurity due to changes in appearance
Which of the following would be expected in the pre- pathogenesis stage?
A. Entry of a bacteria or virus into the host
B. Transmission of an agent by the vector
C. Multiplication of the agent within the host
D. Homeostasis maintained between the agent, host
and environment
A. Entry of a bacteria or virus into the host
The direction of the relationship is enough to ascertain the strength of the association between variables
A. True
B. False
B. False
Which deals with an inspection average?
A. Mode
B. Mean
C. Median
D. Dispersion
A. Mode
What type of sampling technique is used for “Man-in- the-street” surveys and interviews among senior
citizens who drop in at a health booth in a mall?
A. Systematic sampling
B. Stratified sapling
C. Convenience sampling
D. Purposive sampling
C. Convenience sampling
Example of verbal communication
A. Intonation
B. Gestures
C. Postures
D. Movement
A. Intonation
The following are elements of a “valid” informed consent EXCEPT?
A. Adequate information
B. Competence of patient
C. Comprehension
D. Benefit/s of the procedure
D. Benefit/s of the procedure
One of the psycho-social problems a physician may encounter from a patient in a launching family is:
A. Acne
B. Child prostitution
C. Extramarital affairs
D. Premenopausal symptoms
C. Extramarital affairs
In the natural history of the disease, the appearance of a handicap signifies the transition from to
.
A. Stage of susceptibility, stage of subclinical disease
B. Stage of sub-clinical disease, stage of clinical disease
C. Stage of susceptibility, stage of clinical disease
D. Stage of clinical disease, stage of disability
D. Stage of clinical disease, stage of disability
In this method, patients are allowed to ventilate, being aware of his/her emotions.
A. Catharsis
B. Education
C. Action
D. Sharing
A. Catharsis
The following characterizes rates and ratios EXCEPT:
A. Rates and ratios involve a time period
B. Proportions are ratio in which the numerator is part of the denominator
C. The July 2011 NEC report that there is already a total of 884 AIDS cases to date may be used to compute for the prevalence rate
D. 10,000 is the standard factor to be used for its
computation
D. 10,000 is the standard factor to be used for its computation
The biopsychosocial model believes that
A. All diseases are secondary to biochemical and morphologic changes undergone by the body
B. All aspects of an individual’s personality shall be taken independently
C. All illnesses can be sole cured by counseling and empathic approach
D. All of an individual’s personal aspects including the
biomedical part are all intertwined in illness evolution
D. All of an individual’s personal aspects including the biomedical part are all intertwined in illness evolution
The following can be considered advantages of doing Sampling in a research undertaking, EXCEPT:
A. Samples can be studied more quickly than entire population
B. It can decrease the expense of the study
C. It increases heterogeneity resulting in a more representative group of subjects
D. It often gives more accurate results than studies done based on large population
C. It increases heterogeneity resulting in a more representative group of subjects
22 y/o female leaves home in Bacolod and comes to Manila for work. One of the things she has to do as a first order change is to:
A. Accept the fact that she is now away from home
B. Develop peer relationships
C. Look for a place to stay
C. Look for a place to stay
Which of the following are goals of providing immunization?
A. Promotion of general health
B. Prevention of exposure to a disease
C. Prevention of entry of the agent into the host
D. Prevention of developing a specific disease after exposure
D. Prevention of developing a specific disease after exposure
Leah, a 4-year old girl, is suffering from acute watery diarrhea for 2 days. During their consult, her mother recalled that they recently changed their source of
drinking water. The attending physician explained that the most common cause of gastroenteritis in children is viral in nature and that Leah needs to be hydrated and given supportive treatment. When Leah’s mother
asked whether Leah will be able to recover quickly, the doctor said that given prompt and adequate
treatment, Leah is given a good prognosis since she seems to be of good nutritional status. What is the
primary cause of the patient’s acute watery diarrhea?
A. Viral infection
B. Bacterial infection
C. Drinking contaminated water
D. The patient’s nutritional status
C. Drinking contaminated water
Which among the following is NOT a measure of dispersion?
A. Range
B. Coefficient of variation
C. Variance
D. Mode
D. Mode
An error due to faulty calibration is called
A. Random error
B. Blunder
C. Systematic error
D. Deviation
C. Systematic error
Defined as a close and harmonious relationship in which the people or groups concerned understand
each other’s feeling or ideas and communicate well?
A. Rapport
B. Perception
C. Attraction
D. Affection
D. Affection
Stagnant water is considered to be the of dengue.
A. Causative agent
B. Vector
C. Host
D. Biologic environment
D. Biologic environment
Ways in which the family plays a role in the health of its members includes the ff. EXCEPT:
A. Injury prevention
B. Coping with stressful life events
C. Isolation of sick individual
D. Family adaptation
C. Isolation of sick individual
Mr. Locsin a 30 y/o male got married. One of the things he must do as a second order change is to:
A. Accept his in-laws
B. Earn more money
C. Establish a place he can call home with his wife
D. Have a satisfying sexual relationship with his wife
A. Accept his in-laws
True about families
A. Hereditary illnesses are the ones only transmitted among members
B. It is from our family from which we first learn about health
C. Our family’s only role during the ill state is through financial support
D. Familial factors are negligible when it comes to health
B. It is from our family from which we first learn about health
The risk of dying at age 50 and above is the:
A. Adult Mortality rate
B. Swaroops index
C. Middle mortality rate
D. Standardization index
B. Swaroops index
A diagnostic tool with a high sensitivity and a low specificity is best used as:
A. Screening tool for the presence/absence of disease
B. Confirmatory tool for the presence/absence of disease
C. Both for screening and confirmation of disease
D. A test to rule in a negative test result
A. Screening tool for the presence/absence of disease
Family that occupies a separate dwelling not shared with members of the family of origin
A. Nuclear
B. Blended
C. Communal
D. Single parent
A. Nuclear
To examine the biological aspects of a patient, a physician might:
A. Identify coping skills and perceptions
B. Determine the level of education
C. Ask questions about past relationships
D. Perform a blood test
D. Perform a blood test
Which of the following statements BEST describes biopsychosocial model of a disease?
A. A person’s health behaviors are an automatic consequence of a given social context.
B. Psychological factors play an unimportant role in the treatment of chronic diseases.
C. A person’s health is determined by the interaction of biological, psychological and social processes.
D. Pathogens and other biological factors are
unimportant when considering a person’s health.
C. A person’s health is determined by the interaction of biological, psychological and social processes
A null hypothesis is the hypothesis that states a difference between variables.
A. True
B. False
B. False
A lowering of the cut-off for titers for diagnosis of COVID-19 antibody will sensitivity of the test
A. Increase
B. Decrease
A. Increase
Mrs. A, then kept on telling her problems with her children who relies on her, bills that are unpaid, her being poor compliant with medications, recent
unemployment of her husband, and attacks of chest pain while in bed. The best approach to use is:
A. Probing
B. Focusing
C. Reflecting content
D. Reflecting experience
B. Focusing
The square root of the mean of the square of the individual deviations from the mean is
A. Average of variation
B. Standard deviation
C. Range
D. Coefficient of range
B. Standard deviation
It does not take into account that rate of death varies according to population characteristics.
A. Crude mortality rate
B. Proportionally mortality rate
C. Case fatality rate
D. None of the above
A. Crude mortality rate
A lowering of the cut-off for titers for diagnosis of COVID-19 antibody will sensitivity of the test
A. Increase
B. Decrease
A. Increase
Which of the following sampling methods involves obtaining a sample where the probability of inclusion of a unit is not known/specified?
A. Simple random
B. Systematic
C. Stratified
D. Quota
D. Quota
Marked and rapid decline in fertility
A. Stage 1
B. Stage 2
C. Stage 3
D. Stage 4
E. Stage 5
E. Stage 5
The degree to which the instrument measures what it purports to measure is?
A. Validity
B. Reliability
C. Accuracy
D. Precision
A. Validity
Which of the following is a communication skill?
A. Saying the same thing over and over
B. Saying why you believe something
C. Saying what people want to hear
D. Talking at the same time as someone else
B. Saying why you believe something
In relation to the epidemiologic triangle, “Rosario” is an attribute of the:
A. Host
B. Agent
C. Environment
D. Disease
A. Host
Low median age and high dependency ratio typical of countries that are developing
A. Stage 1
B. Stage 2
C. Stage 3
D. Stage 4
B. Stage 2
A second order change that a family with adolescents must do is:
A. Open communication
B. Refocus on midlife, marital and career issues
C. Take on parenting role
D. Work out money matters
B. Refocus on midlife, marital and career issues
