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ANA LEC > LE AND GLEUTAL REGION > Flashcards

LE AND GLEUTAL REGION Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the lower extremity

A
  • support weight of the body
  • produce locomotion
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2
Q

The three hip bones

A
  1. Ilium
  2. Pubis
  3. Ischium
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3
Q

What does the hip bones form

A
  • forms the lower limb girdle
  • forms the anterolateral wall of pelvis
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4
Q

Meeting point of the three hip bones

A

Acetabulum

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5
Q

Articulations of the three hip bones

A
  1. Sacrum
  2. Anterior = symphysis pubis (where 2 pubos body meets)
  3. Posterior = sacroiliac joint (where sacrum and ilium meet)
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6
Q

At what side is the acetabulum located

A

Lateral side ALWAYS

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7
Q

The largest bone of all three hip bones

A

Ilium

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8
Q

Structures that form the ilium

A
  1. Iliac crest
  2. Iliac tubercle
  3. Anterior Superior Iliac spine (ASIS)
  4. Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS)
  5. Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS)
  6. Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine (PIIS)
  7. Greater Sciatic Notch
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9
Q

iliac crest

A
  • upper flattened portion of the ilium
  • highest point of ilium
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10
Q

location of iliac crest

A
  • level of L4
  • ends at ASIS and PSIS
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11
Q

iliac tubercle location

A
  • 2 inches behind ASIS (felt anteriorly)
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12
Q

Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine

A
  • below ASIS
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13
Q

Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine

A
  • below PSIS; S2
  • dimple above butt??
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14
Q

Greater sciatic notch

A
  • above and behind acetabulum
  • level of ilium
  • becomes a foramen (greater and lesser sciatic foramina) when ligaments (sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments) are attached to it
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15
Q

ISCHIUM

A
  • more bulky and thick than pubis
  • more on posterior side
  • L-shaped
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16
Q

structures that form the ischium

A
  1. ischial tuberosity
  2. ischial spine
  3. obturator foramen
  4. ischial ramus
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17
Q

ischial tuberosity

A
  • site of attachment for hamstrings
  • felt during sitting tall
  • “sit bone”
  • large roughened area
  • forms posterior aspect of lower part of body of the bone
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18
Q

ischial spine

A
  • projects from posterior border
  • intervenes between greater and lesser sciatic notch
  • site for ligament attachment
  • used for measurement of pelvic opening
  • if it is too pointed, there is narrow opening for delivery of baby
19
Q

obturator foramen

A
  • “hole”
  • opening for nerves/ blood vessels
  • formed by ischium and pubis
  • filled by obturator membrane
20
Q

ischial ramus

A
  • point of connection with inferior ramus of pubis
  • lower thinner part
21
Q

pubis

A
  • thinner and smaller compared to ischium
  • more anterior
  • can be divided into: body, superior ramus, inferior ramus
22
Q

symphysis pubis

A
  • bodies of 2 pubic bones meet/ articulate with each other at midline anteriorly
  • cartilaginous joint
23
Q

superior ramus

A

joins the ilium and ischium at acetabulum

24
Q

inferior ramus

A

joins ischial ramus below the obturator foramen

25
Q

pubic crest

A
  • forms upper border of the body of the pubis
  • ends laterally at pubic tubercle
26
Q

acetabulum

A
  • outer surface
  • deep depression
  • > 2/5 ischium (lower and side; forms majority)
  • < 2/5 ilium (upper boundary)
  • 1/5 pubis (midline)
  • structures: acetabular notch & acetabular fossa
27
Q

acetabular notch

A
  • inferior margin
  • circular non-articular depression of acetabular fossa
28
Q

acetabular fossa

A
  • horseshoe shaped
  • articulation of femoral head
29
Q

sacrum

A
  • five rudimentary vertebrae fused together
30
Q

articulations of the sacrum

A
  • upper border = L5
  • inferior border = coccyx
  • lateral = 2 iliac bones at the sacroiliac joint (plain joint; gliding)
31
Q

structures of the sacrum

A
  • symphysis pubis
  • sacral promontory
  • sacral hiatus
  • sacral canal
32
Q

sacral promontory

A
  • S1
  • anterior and upper margin of S1 that forward
  • become the posterior margin of pelvic inlet
33
Q

sacral canal

A
  • formed by vertebral foramina
  • contains anterior and posterior roots of lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal
34
Q

sacral hiatus

A
  • laminae of S5
  • sometimes those of 4th, fail to meet at midline
35
Q

coccyx

A
  • tailbone
  • 4 vertebrae fused together
  • articulates at its base w lower end of sacrum
  • consists of bodies only
  • first vertebra posses rudimentary transverse process and cornua
36
Q

coccygeal cornua

A
  • remains of the pedicles and superior articular process
  • project upward to articulate with sacral cornua
37
Q

femur

A
  • upper end of the femur has a head, a neck, and
    greater and lesser trochanters
  • When born, about 180 degrees
38
Q

ANGLE OF INCLINATION

A

Starts to bend when baby starts to stand and walk

39
Q

COXA VARA

A
  • deformity of hip where
    angle of inclination is less
    than 120 degree
  • <120
  • Causes: fracture, fibrous
    dysplasia, rickets (low vit D),
    or traumatic proximal
    femoral epiphyseal plate
    closure, osteomyelitis,
    osteogenesis imperfecta,
    Paget’s disease
  • Presentation:
  • Limb length discrepancy
  • Prominent greater
    trochanter
  • Limitation of abduction
    and internal rotation of
    the hip
40
Q

COXA VALGA

A
  • deformity of hip where the
    angle of inclination is usually
    above 135 degrees
  • > 135
  • Causes: normal at birth;
    underlying neuromuscular
    diseases (cerebral palsy,
    spinal muscular atrophy,
    polio etc.) or skeletal
    diseases (hip dislocation,
    arthritis)
  • Presentation:
  • Limb length discrepancy
    (longer)
  • Impaired ambulation and
    sitting
  • Balance secondary to
    bilateral adduction
    contractures
41
Q

Intertrochanteric line

A

Connects the two
trochanters; where iliofemoral ligament is
attached; anterior

42
Q

Intertrochanteric crest

A

Connects the two
trochanters; where iliofemoral ligament is
attached; posterior

43
Q

shaft of femur

A
  • anterior surface = smooth and rounded
  • posterior surface = ridge and hollow portion

ANA LEC (5 decks)

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