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Physiology > (LE 3) Sensory Physiology > Flashcards

(LE 3) Sensory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of a receptor?

A

Responds to specific stimulus it’s made for

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2
Q

Define transduction

A

environmental info changed into APs (common language of NS)

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3
Q

Define modality

A

Form of sensory info (e.g. sound, light, pressure)

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4
Q

Define Generator potential

A

Sensory receptor equivalent of EPSPs and are activate by stimuli instead of neurotransmitters

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5
Q

What is a receptive field? What is the significance of their size?

A

Area of skin monitored by sensory neurons. Smaller receptive fields = higher tactile acuity (high density of receptors)

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6
Q

What are mechanoreceptors?

A

respond to deformation of their cell membrane

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7
Q

What are special sense receptors?

A

part of a sensory organ
- sense hearing, sight, equilibrium, etc.

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8
Q

What are cutaneous receptors?

A

near epithelial surface
- respond to touch, pressure, temperature, or pain

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9
Q

What are tonic receptors?

A

respond at constant rate as long as stimulus is applied (e.g. pain)
- slow-adapting

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10
Q

What are phasic receptors?

A

Respond at high frequency intially, but quickly reduce frequency to constant stimulation (adaptation) e.g. smell, touch

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11
Q

How does the frequency of the action potential relate to the intensity of the stimuli?

A

Generator potential proportional to stimulus activity. After threshold is reached, AP frequency is proportional to amplitude of generator potential

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12
Q

What structures are found in the inner ear?

A

Vestibular apparatus (otolith organs (urticle and saccule) and semicircular canals) and cochlea

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13
Q

What is the function of the semicircular canals?

A

oriented in 3 planes; give sense of angular acceleration via hair cells in crista ampullaris at base

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14
Q

What is the function of the vestibule?

A

Sense linear acceleration via sterocillia in

Urticle: sense horizontal acceleration

Saccule: sense vertical acceleration

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15
Q

What is the function of the cochlea?

A

Converts sound vibrations into nerve signals that are interpreted by the brain as sound

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16
Q

What is the function of the oval window?

A

Where sound vibrations enter the cochlea

17
Q

What is the round window?

A

Where sound vibrations exit the cochlea into the eustachian tube

18
Q

What is the function of the tympanic membrane?

A

vibrates in response to sound waves and transmits these vibrations to the ossicles in the middle ear

19
Q

Where are the receptors for hearing located?

A

hair cells in the tectorial membrane

20
Q

Describe the hearing pathway

A

External auditory meatus -> Tympanic membrane -> auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) -> oval window -> scala vestibuli -> tectorial membrane -> Stereocilia -> vestibulocochlear nerve

21
Q

How is pitch determined? Volume?

A

Frequency of soundwaves; amplitude of soundwaves

22
Q

What is tonotopic? How is it related to tone?

A

Neurons in different regions of cochlea stimulate corresponding areas of auditory cortex representing different tones

23
Q

What is the pigmented layer?

A

absorbs excess light

24
Q

What is the neural layer?

A

AKA retina; contains rods, cones, and special sense neurons

25
Q

Describe photoreceptors

A

Cones: color, not photosensitive

Rods: grayscale, photosensitive

26
Q

Describe bipolar neurons in the eye

A

They send electrical signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells

27
Q

Describe ganglion cells in the eye

A

project axons through optic nerve to brain

28
Q

What is fovea centralis?

A

Area on retina with high concentration of cones that are stimulated directly by light since there neural layers are displaced to sides producing higher visual acuity

29
Q

Describe electrical activity of retinal cells

A

Dark current: deploarizing Na+ influx (Na+ channels open in dark)

Light: hyperpolarizes by closing Na+ channels

30
Q

Why is the optic disc considered the blind spot?

A

Area of the eye where optic nerve fibers exit to form optic nerve and contain no photoreceptors

31
Q

What is accomidation? How are the ciliary bodies related to this?

A

Ability of the eyes to keep image focused on retina at certain distances
- results from contraction of ciliary muscle

32
Q

What is rhodospin?

A

pigment in rod cells that undergoes photochemical dissociation in response to light, stimulating electrical activity in the photoreceptors

33
Q

What happens to rhodospins in the presence of light?

A

11-cis-retinal converted to all-trans retinal.
Causes G-protein to activate phosphodiesterase, which converts cGMP to GMP resulting in Na+ channels closing, hyperpolarizing photoreceptors

34
Q

How do photoreceptors respond to the presence or absence of light?

A

Physiology (14 decks)

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