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Physiology > (LE 1) Chemical Composition of the Body > Flashcards

(LE 1) Chemical Composition of the Body Flashcards

1
Q

What are atoms?

A

Smallest unit of chemical elements composed of 3 subatomic particles. normally contain equal amount of protons and electrons

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2
Q

What are the charges of the subatomic articles that make up an atom? What are their masses? What are their functions?

A
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3
Q

What is an ion?

A

molecule with a + or - charge

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4
Q

What is a cation? provide two examples

A

molecule with a positive charge (e- donor)
e.g. Na+, Ca2+

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5
Q

What is an anion? provide two examples

A

molecule with a negative charge (e- acceptor)
e.g. Cl-, NO3-

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6
Q

What is atomic number?

A

number of protons in an atom. Identity of an atom

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7
Q

Define element

A

classification of atoms based on their atomic number

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8
Q

What is an isotope? Provide an example

A

Atoms of a single element with different number of neutrons in the nucleus

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9
Q

What is mass number?

A

number of protons + number of neutrons in the nucleus

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10
Q

What is atomic mass?

A

mass of an atom

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11
Q

What unit of measurement is used for atomic mass?

A

Dalton

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12
Q

What is atomic weight?

A

The average mass number of the isotopes. (which isotope is most common)

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13
Q

Can you determine the number of protons, electrons, neutrons from the atomic weight, atomic number?

A

Yes for most common isotope; atomic number = # of protons which has equal # of electrons.
Neutrons = Atomic weight - atomic number

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14
Q

What is electron energy levels? How many electrons can each hold?

A

Electron’s orbit around the atom (electron shell)

1st = 2 electrons
2nd and 3rd = 8 electrons

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15
Q

Define stable atoms

A

atoms that have max number of electrons in their outer shell

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16
Q

Define unstable atoms

A

atoms with unfilled outer energy levels

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17
Q

What is a valence electron?

A

electrons in unfilled outer shells which participate in bonding

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18
Q

What is a chemical bond?

A

interactions between unstable atoms that hold them together

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19
Q

What are three types of chemical bonds? provide examples that use those bonds

A

Ionic bond - Na+Cl-
Covalent bond - C6H12O6
Hydrogen bond - H2O molecules

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20
Q

How do ionic bonds form?

A

formed by the attraction of + and - charges. Dissociate in water

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21
Q

How do covalent bonds form?

A

occur when atoms share valence electrons

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22
Q

What are polar covalent bonds? Provide examples

A

Unequal sharing of electrons pulled more toward one atom. (partial charges)
Oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus have strong pull, tend to form polar molecules

23
Q

How do hydrogen bonds form? What characteristic of water does it facilitate?

A

When H forms polar bond with another atom, it takes on a slight + charge, making it attracted to any nearby negatively charged atoms

creates surface tension

24
Q

What is an acid? Base?

A

Acid: release protons (H+) in a solution (proton donor)
Base: lower H+ levels of a solution (proton acceptor)

25
Q

What are buffers? provide an example in our body

A

molecules that slow changes in pH by either combining with or releasing H+s
e.g. bicarbonate buffer system in blood

26
Q

What are organic molecules?

A

those that contain carbon and hydrogen

27
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Biomolecules:
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acid

28
Q

What is a stereoisomers?

A

molecules with same number of atoms but arranged differently

29
Q

What molecule is shown?

A

Carbohydrate (glucose)

30
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

simple sugars like glucose, fructose, or galactose

31
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

two monosaccharides joined covalently

32
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

many monosaccharides linked together.
e.g. glycogen, starch
- energy storage molecules

33
Q

How are disaccharides formed? How do you break them down?

A

Formed through dehydration or condensation; splitting water out of 2 monosaccharides.
broken down through hydrolysis; H2O is split. H+ added to one monosaccharide and OH- to the other

34
Q

What are lipids?

A

consist of nonpolar hydrocarbon chains and rings

35
Q

What molecule is shown?

A

Triglyceride, formed by condensation of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains

36
Q

What molecule is shown?

A

Saturated fatty acid
solid at room temp

37
Q

What molecule is shown?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids
Liquid at room temp

38
Q

What molecule is shown?

A

Trans fatty acids

39
Q

What molecule is shown?

A

Cis fatty acids

40
Q

What are free radicals?

A

highly reactive molecules that carry an unpaired electron. Can damage tissues by removing an electron from other molecules

41
Q

What molecule is shown? How are they formed? What is their function?

A

Ketone bodies
- Formed through hydrolysis of triglycerides releasing fatty acids
- can be used for energy or converted by liver into ketone bodies

42
Q

What molecule is shown?

A

Phosopholipid
- phosphate = polar and hydrophillic
- lipid = nonpolar and hydrophobic

43
Q

What is shown? Why do they form?

A

Micelle
- phospholipids aggregating in water
- act as surfactant
- polar part interacts with water, nonpolar part stays hidden in middle

44
Q

What molecule is shown?

A

Steroid
- nonpolar and insoluble
- all have three 6-carbon rings joined to a 5-carbon ring
- cholesterol is precursor for steroid hormones

45
Q

What molecules are shown?

A

Prostaglandins
- serve as communication molecule between cells in the same organ

46
Q

What are proteins?

A

Long chains of amino acids

47
Q

What molecule is shown?

A

Amino acid; contains amino group, carboxyl group, and R group

48
Q

What structure is shown?

A

Primary

49
Q

What structure is shown?

A

Secondary; weak H+ bonding of amino acids
- results in alpha helix or beta pleated sheets

50
Q

What structure is shown?

A

Tertiary structure; bending and folding of polypeptide chains to make 3D shape
- not stable; can be denatured by heat or pH changes

51
Q

What structure is shown?

A

Quaternary structure; number of polypeptide chains covalently joined

52
Q

What molecule is shown?

A

Nucleic acid; contains pentose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

53
Q

What molecule is shown?

A

DNA; Deoxyribose covalently bonded to a base (purine or pyrimidine)

54
Q

What molecule is shown?

A

RNA; ribose bonded to a base

Physiology (14 decks)

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