LC 2.21 Flashcards
examples of non hormonal contraceptives
- barrier
- natural family planning
- lactational amenorrhoea method
- withdrawal
- copper IUDs
- sterilisation
what is the mode of action for spermicides
- spermicides kill sperm
- alters integrity of sperm cell membrane
- vaginal pH altered
what are the advantages of spermicides
- no serious side effect
- easily availble and simple to use
- provides lubrication
- enhances efficacy of barrier methods
what are the disadvantages of spermicides
- should not be used as sole contraceptives
- possible sensitivity, irritation or allergy
- vaginal and urinary infections
advantages of male condom
- no side effects
- very effective with careful use
- easy to obtain and use
- requires no medical supervision
- possible to protect against cancer of the cervix
disadvantages of male condom
- forward planning each time
- needs careful use to be effective
- possible loss of sensitivity
- may interrupt sex
- can break or slip off
advantages of female condom
- no known side effects
- protects against some STI
- effective with careful use
- under the direct control of the woman
- does not need male erection before use
- can be used with oil-based products
- can be inserted at any time before having sex
disadvantages of female condom
- requires thought before use
- requires careful insertion and use for it to be effective
function of the diaphragms and caps?
- a cap or diaphragm covers the cervix
- remain there for 6 hrs after sex
- spermicide must be applied to the cap before insertion
advantages of diaphragms and caps?
- effective with careful use
- can be put in at convenient time before having sex
- may protect against cancer of cervix
- non-hormonal
- no health risk
- under the direct control of the woman
disadvantages of the diaphragms and caps?
- requires careful and consistent use to be effective
- not highly effective
- must be used with spermicides
- not suitable if history of toxic shock syndrome
- need yearly review to assess size
- has to be fitted initially to determine size
- increase in cystitis or UTI for users
what is natural family planning?
- traditional terms
- based on detection of ovulation
- aid to preventing and planning pregnancies
mode of action of natural family planning?
- sperm survive up to 7 days in cervical mucus
- ovum receptive to fertilisation
- fertile phase is up to 9 days
what are the cycle length indicators of natural family planning?
- work out probability of fertile time
what are the temperature indicator of natural family planning?
- relies on measurement of normal changes in body temperature that occur after ovulation
- immediately after ovulation, basal body temperature drops slightly and then rises about 0.2 degrees celsius
what are the cervical mucus indivator of natural family planning?
- relies on detection of changes in cervical mucus
what are the combining indicators
- cycle
- temperature
- cervical mucus
- changes in position of cervix
- width of cervical Os
- mid-cycle ovulation pain, discharge or bleeding
- breast sensitivity or mood changes
what are the advantages of natural family planning?
- can also be used to plan pregnancy
- no known physical side-effects
- non-intercourse related
- no hormones
- acceptable to all religions
- once teh methods has been learnt no need for follow up
- encourages shared responsibility within couples
what are the disadvantages of natural family planning?
- commitment from both partners
- require high motivation
- teaching required
- careful observation and record keeping required
- removes all spontaneity
- fertility monitors are expensive
- affected by breastfeeding, discotinuation of hormonal methods or perimenopause
what is lactational amenorrhoea method?
- natural way to space children
- suckling –> suppression of LH, FSH
- stimulation of prolactin - lactation
- amenorrhoea
mode of action for intrautreine contraceptive devices
- prevent fertilisation
- prevent implantation
may be spermicidal - do not cause abortion
advantages of intrauterine contraceptive devices
- long term
- highly effective
- reversible
- effective immediately
- no systemic side effects
- no hormones
- no daily action or remembering
- no long term effect on fertility
- can be used as an emergency contraceptive
disadvatages of intrauterine contraceptive devices
- possible menstrual irregularities
- periods may be heavier, longer and more painful
- risk of expulsion
- no protection against STI
- risk of pelvic infection
- if there is IUD failure cause ectopic pregnancies and perforation
what is female sterilisation - female laparoscopy
- tying/ removing a small piece of tube
- sealing tubes
- cauterisation and diathermy
- blocking tubes by use of rings and clips
what is female sterilisation - hysteroscopic
- permanent contraception
- implant placed into each tube
- occlusion by benign inflammatory react intra mural part of the uterus
- no general anesthesia
- no scar or incision
advantages of female sterilisation
- highly effective
- tubal lap sterilisation is effective immediately
- permanent method
- do not cause weight gain
- do not cause heavy periods
disadvantages of female sterilisation
- not reversible - regret
- operation/procedure
- need general anaesthetic
- short and long term associated complications
- no protection against STIs
- risk of ectopic if method fails
contraindications of female sterilisation
- maritial or relationship problems
- uncertainty about decision
- comorbidities increasing risk
- gross obesity for laparoscopic procedures
what is male sterilisation - vasectomy
- cutting or blocking vas deferens
- small incision on scrotum
- small amount of vas removed, or cut and sealed
advantages of vasectomy
- safe and effective
- non hormonal
- permanent method
- minor operation takes 10-15 mins
- no effect on libido
disadvantages of vasectomy
- not easily reversible - regret
- not effective immediately
- involves a surgical procedure
- no protections against STI
