LC 2.2 Flashcards
for male, what happens at stage 2
scrotum and testes enlargement, scrotum changes in texture and colour
for male, what happens at stage 4
development of the glans; penis size, testes and scrotum continues to enlarge, scrotum skin darkens
for female, what happens at mid pubertal stage?
further enlargement of the breast and areola
for female, what happens at the stage 2?
elevation of breast and papilla; enlargement of areola
for female, what happens at stage 4
areola and papilla form secondary mound above normal level of the breast
for female, what happens at stage 5?
papilla projects but is related to areola recession
what happens in stage 2 of pubic hair development?
sparse growth of long slightly pigmented hair, straight or curled at base of penis or along labia
what happens in stage 3 of pubic hair development?
the adult hair is present and covering smaller area than eventual adult pattern
what happens in stage 5 of pubic hair development?
the adult patterns emerges and stabilises
what happens in stage 6 of pubic hair development?
when there is a line from the pubic junction to the belly button
why does boys grow more than girls?
the growing plates(epiphyses) fuse later in males than females
what is adrenarche?
this is caused by the adrenal glands which is responsible for axillary hair growth
what is spermarche?
the appearance of spermatozoa in early morning urine which cause nocturnal emission to begin
what is menarche?
the first cycle of the menstruation occurs which is anovoluntary
what happens during the reproductive axis?
the GnRH neurones drives the axis which cause activity during gestation and then a decade of very low activity. this is followed by hte increase in GnRH activity during puberty
what is the “brake”
this is released for puberty to occur whereby the disinhibition of inhibitory mechanism
what is the “accelerator”
fuelled to allow puberty to begin when there is increases in enurotransmitters which kick start puberty
what is the “brake” for gonadostat hypothesis?
whereby the high amounts of steroid inhibits the GnRH and before puberty there is low amount of steroid which inhibits because GnRH have a higher sensitivity and therefore only need a lower amount of steroid. during puberty, it goes back to normal with lower sensitivity
what is the “accelerator” CNS theory?
central maturation of the CNS which leads to activation of stimulatory centres in teh CNS that induce pulsatile GnRH production at puberty
what is kisspeptin 1?
- inducer for pulsatile GnRH release
- expressed on neurons of the hypothalamus
- increase of Kiss1 levels at puberty
- has a role in inducing puberty
what prevents puberty?
- if there is no 22% of body fat
- puberty requires a large amount of energy
what is the role of leptin?
- expressed in adipose tissue
- plays permissive role in hypothalamic maturity at puberty
- leptin is necessary for puberty but it does not cause puberty
