Law 2 - Holding

Question 1

What is the ICAO definition of a holding fix? (1)

Answer 1

A geographical location that serves as a
reference for a holding procedure

(ICAO PANS ATM (Doc 4444))

Question 2

What is the definition of a holding procedure? (1)

Answer 2

A predetermined manoeuvre which keeps an aircraft within a specified airspace while awaiting further clearance

Question 3

ACC Controllers may instruct an aircraft to hold along ATS routes or within defined Controlled airspace. True or False?

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Reasons for Holding aircraft? (3)

Answer 4

1. Weather
2. Traffic Management
3. Accident at airfeld. etc.

Question 5

Standard holding pattern diagram

Answer 5

1. One minute per part of a leg
2. This hold is 4 mins

(Right hand shown, left hand symmetrical)

Question 6

where may a holding fix be placed? (2)

Answer 6

1. May be over a point source nav-aid
2. Defined as an intersection of VOR radials or as a VOR/DME position

Question 7

What does a holding axis need?
Where can it be placed? (2)

Answer 7

1. Required inbound track to the holding fix
2. VOR radials > Axis must lie on
   one of the radials (may be orientated towards or away)

Question 8

What are the specifications of a holding pattern - turn? (2)

Answer 8

1. Turns made at Rate 1 (3°/sec) or with 25° of bank
2. Aircraft holding >170kts may turn at less than 3°/sec

Question 9

Holding speeds diagram

Answer 9

Speeds are in “IAS”

Question 10

What are the aircraft approach category speeds? (5)

Answer 10

• Cat A - <91 kts IAS
• Cat B - 91-120 kts IAS
• Cat C - 121-140 kts IAS
• Cat D - 141-165 kts IAS
• Cat E - 166-210 kts IAS

Question 11

What is VaT? (1)

Answer 11

Velocity at Threshold

Question 12

What is the speed for VaT? (1)

Answer 12

1.3x the stalling speed (maximum certificated landing MASS)

Question 13

What duration is the outbound leg? (2)

Answer 13

1 minute

1½ above 14,000ft

Question 14

When does time commence on an outbound leg? (2)

Answer 14

1. Abeam the fix
2. Completion of outbound turn

(whichever is later)

Question 15

Where DME is available, limiting the range for the outbound leg may be specified. True or False?

Answer 15

True

A limiting radial may also apply

Question 16

VOR DME - Holding TOWARDS the station diagram

Answer 16

Question 17

VOR DME - Holding AWAY the station diagram

Answer 17

Question 18

Entry procedure diagram

Answer 18

Remember:

1 2 3
P O D

Question 19

Parallel entry procedure diagram

Answer 19

Question 20

Offset entry procedure diagram

Answer 20

Offset of 30° from beacon

Question 21

Direct entry procedure diagram

Answer 21

Question 22

What other entry methods are available? (3)

Answer 22

1. Along Holding Radial
2. Via a DME Arc
3. Via a Secondary Fix

Question 23

What factors may affect a holding pattern? (5)

Answer 23

1. Wind
2. Speed(rates of turn)
3. Effect of level (temp and pressure)
4. Effect of Navigation aid in use
5. Turbulence

Question 24

Why is there a different distance displayed on an A/C based on their actual position? (1)

Answer 24

Slant range

Question 25

Are pilots required to adjust headings and timings to allow the affect of wind? **Yes or no**

Answer 25

Yes (Must inform ATC if they cannnot comply)

Question 26

When will an aircraft be told of an **Expected Approach Time (EAT)**? (1)

Answer 26

A time at which to expect to leave the hold to commence an instrument approach - **10 minutes or more**

Question 27

What is an **Expected onward Clearance time**? (1)

Answer 27

Time to leave the hold to continue enroute

Question 28

What will a pilot do when told a **specified time to leave the hold**? (1)

Answer 28

Pilot will adjust **timing** within the pattern to leave at a **specified time**

Question 29

What is the **normal separation** from a holding pattern? (1)

Answer 29

**1.** 5 minutes **2.** From the flight path of the holding aircraft

Question 30

What should a **Holding area** provide? (1)

Answer 30

Separation from aircraft in the hold from **aircraft outside of the holding area**

Question 31

**Protected area of a holding pattern** diagram

Answer 31

Question 32

What will **ATC** need to know with a **holding pettern**? (1)

Answer 32

Be aware of the dimensions of the holding area in order to calculate this

Question 33

What will the **Authority** calculate & determine with a **holding pettern**? (1)

Answer 33

Which of **adjacent** holding patterns can be **“deemed” as separated**

Question 34

Where may **VFR aircraft** commence **VFR holding**? (1)

Answer 34

**VRP's** Visual Reference Points

Question 35

What do VRP's do? (1)

Answer 35

Assist ATC routing **VFR traffic** and **integrate it with IFR flights**

Question 36

What must ATCO's do with VRP's **outside controlled airspace**? (1)

Answer 36

ATCOs **should not** instruct an A/C to **hold / route** OVER such VRPs

Question 37

What may A/C be told after they **are allowed** to commence an approach? (1)

Answer 37

May be told to orbit until sufficient spacing has been achieved or the pilot reports visual with the aircraft he is following