Law 2 - Flight Rules Flashcards
What are the flights rules? (2)
IFR
VFR
What is IFR? (4)
Instrument Flight Rules
- Electronic equipment-based navigation.
- GPS and other types of equipment.
- Can possibly still see out of window.
What is VFR? (4)
Visual Flight Rules
Look out of the window.
Use maps and charts to fix location.
Keep out of cloud.
Define Night
The hours between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight
Define Civil Twilight
Ends in the evening when the centre of the sun’s disc is 6 degrees below the horizon and begins in the morning when the centre of the sun’s disc is 6 degrees above the horizon
What airspaces are Controlled Airspace?
Class A,B,C,D,E.
What factors would a Pilot consider which flight rules to fly? (3)
Dependant on:
TYPE OF AIRSPACE
WEATHER
PILOT QUALIFICATIONS
Who is responsible for deciding if the VMC permits flight as VFR? (1)
The pilot
VMC minima - by day Table diagram
TA lower than 10,000ft, Use F100
** VMC minima (Class A) guidence only
*** Prescribed by authority:
Vis not <1500m (fixed wing)
Vis not <800m (helicopter)
140kts< for other traffic / obstacles
Probability of other traffic is low
When shall the ground visibility be used to determine VMC? (3)
Flights to / from aerodromes
or
Entering ATZ
or
Traffic circuit in controlled airspace
VMC Minima
Flights at or above 10,000ft AMSL
Airspace - A, B, C, D, E, F, G
Visibility - 8KM
Distance From Cloud - H - 1500m
- V - 1000ft
VMC Minima for;
At or Below 10,000ft and Above 3000ft
Or 1000ft above terrain, which ever is higher
Airspace - A, B, C, D, E, F, G
Visibility - 5KM
Distance From Cloud:
- H - 1500m
- V - 1000ft
VMC Minima
At or below 3000ft AMSL or 1000ft above terrain, whichever is higher
Airspace - A, B, C, D, E
Visibility - 5KM
Distance From Cloud - H - 1500m
- V - 1000ft
If an aircraft is below 3000ft and in controlled airspace what VMC minima is applied?
Airspace - A, B, C, D, E
Visibility - 5KM
Distance From Cloud
- H - 1500m
- V - 1000ft
If an aircraft is below 3000ft and in uncontrolled airspace what VMC minima is applied?
Airspace - F & G
Visibility - 5KM
Clear of Cloud and with the surface in sight.
In Class F & G in what circumstances can an aircraft reduce its horizontal visibility?
- At or Below 3000ft AMSL
- in Class F&G
- Speed of 140kts IAS or less
What VMC can a helicopter fly if at or below 3000ft AMSL and in class F & G?
If less than 140kts; 1500m visibility and with surface in sight
Inside controlled airspace, If the Cloud Ceiling is less than 1500ft OR ground visibility is less than than 5km, what can a VFR flight NOT do? (3)
- Take off or land at an aerodrome within a CTR
- Enter the ATZ,
- Aerodrome traffic circuit.
For VFR to be permitted at night they shall? (2)
- Flight plan filed when leaving vicinity;
- Radio communications maintained with ATS when available.
What are the conditions for VFR to fly at night? (3)
- Cloud ceiling not less than 1500ft
- Minimum 5km visibility.
- Continuous sight of surface when below 3000ft or 1000ft above terrain whichever higher.
What are the minimum altitudes for VFR flying at Night? (2)
- Over high terrain areas, at least 2000ft above the highest obstacle located within 8km of the estimated position of the aircraft
- Elsewhere at a level which is at least 1000ft above the highest obstacle located within 8km of the estimated position of the aircraft
When may a pilot choose to fly above a cloud layer?
(VFR at night) (2)
In class B C D E F G:
When flying above 3000 ft AMSL or 1000 ft above terrain whichever is higher
What considerations should be taken into account when flying VFR at night? (6)
- Destination weather allowing a descent in visual conditions;
- Lighting conditions below and above the cloud layer;
- Descending cloud base, if flight below cloud is chosen, thus resulting in terrain clearance being lost;
- The possibility of flight above the cloud leading to flight between converging cloud layers;
- The possibility of successfully turning back and returning to an area where continuous sight of surface can be maintained; and
- The possibilities for the pilot to establish their location at any point of the route to be flown, taking into consideration also the terrain elevation and geographical and man-made obstacles.
What level and speeds shall VFR flights not be operated? (2)
- Above FL 195
- At transonic and supersonic speeds.
When must a pilot fly IFR? (2)
- Airspace is notified Class A.
- Meteorological conditions preclude VFR – note differences at night.
IFR Cruising Levels
West EVENS 180’-359’
East ODD 000’-179’
After FL410, every 2000ft
VFR Cruising Flight Levels
West EVEN
East ODD
+500 ft on IFR levels
What shall an aircraft flying VFR do, if they wish to change to IFR? (2)
If a flight plan was submitted, communicate the necessary changes to be effected.
Submit a flight plan to the appropriate ATSU as soon as practicable and obtain a clearance prior to proceeding IFR when in controlled airspace.
Who can cancel an IFR flight plan during a flight? (1)
Only the pilot
What is SVFR? (2)
Special Visual Flight Rules
A VFR flight cleared by air traffic control to operate within a control zone in meteorological conditions below VMC
What are the Standard Separation for IFR & SVFR flights? (2)
IFR with SVFR
SVFR with SVFR
What is the Pilots responsibilities flying SVFR? (7)
- Comply with ATC instructions
- Clear of cloud and the surface in sight and VMC minima
- Terrain Clearance
- Licence Limitations
- Low Flying Rules
- Avoiding ATZ’s
- Remain below 140kts IAS
What are ATC Responsibilities for SVFR? (4)
- Separation
- Traffic Integration
- Route Clearance
- Weather Appreciation
What are the requirements for SVFR for ATC? (3)
Ground visibility is not less than:
1. Fixed wing - 1500m
2. Helicopters - not less than 800m
The cloud ceiling is not less than 600ft
What are the SVFR requirements for the Pilot? (4)
- Clear of cloud and with the surface in sight.
- The flight visibility is not less:
- 1500m (Fixed Wing)
- 800m (Helicopters)
- Fly at speed of 140kts IAS or less (adequate opportunity)
What is the SVFR Speed Limit?
140kt IAS
