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Challenge A > Latin Grammar Rules > Flashcards

Latin Grammar Rules Flashcards

1
Q

First Declension Endings - Singular

A

31, p6

-a, -ae, -ae, -am, ā

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2
Q

First Declension Endings - Plural

A

31, p6

-ae, ārum, īs, as, īs

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3
Q

First Declension Noun Gender

A

32, 33, p9

All 1st declension nouns are feminine unless they name a male, like “nauta”.

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4
Q

Second Declension Endings, Masculine/Singular

A

34, p17

-us, ī, ō, um, ō

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5
Q

Second Declension Endings, Masculine/Plural

A

34, p17

ī, ōrum, īs, ōs, īs

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6
Q

Second Declension Noun Gender

A

35

-us, generally masculine

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7
Q

Genitive Singular Endings

A

25, p6

There are five declensions in Latin. They can be distinguished by the endings of the genitive singular.
1: -ae
2: - ī
3: - is
4: - ūs
5: - eī

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8
Q

What do Latin nouns have?

A

14, p4 Latin nouns have gender, number, case and declension.

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9
Q

What are the noun cases?

A

Nominative- Subject
Genitive- Possessive
Dative - Indirect Object
Accusative - Direct Object
Ablative - Object of the Preposition

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10
Q

Two syllable words

A

9 in words of two syllables, the accent is on the first.

via, bellum

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11
Q

What is the Gender Rule?

A

15-18, p4

There are 3 genders
-masculine, feminine, & neuter.
In all declension, a noun naming a female person is feminine, and a noun naming a male person is masculine. All other nouns must be learned from vocabulary.

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12
Q

What do we mean by “number” when speaking of Latin nouns?

A

19-21, p4

singular- one
plural- more than one

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13
Q

Stem

A

Drop the ending of the genitive singular to find the stem of a noun.
The stem remains the same throughout the declension. It gives the meaning of the word. The endings show what the word does in the sentence, whether it is the subject, direct object, indirect object, etc.

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14
Q

Neuter noun/adjective rule

A

29, p21

The accusative of neuter nouns and adjectives is always like the nominative in both singular and plural forms.

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15
Q

Subject & Verb Agreement

A

p 10 The finite verb agrees with its subject in number and person.

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16
Q

Verb Position

A

p 14 The verb is usually last in the sentence.

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17
Q

Adverb Position

A

p 14 The adverb is usually placed before the word it modifies.

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18
Q

2nd Declension Endings Neuter/Singular

A

37, p20

um, ī, ō, um, ō

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19
Q

2nd Declension Endings Neuter Plural

A

37, p20

a, ōrum, īs, a, īs

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20
Q

Neuter nouns: nominative/accusative Rule

A

39

The accusative is like the nominative in all neuter nouns and adjectives.

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21
Q

Cases for Prepositions

A

p24-25
Ablative and accusative

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22
Q

Predicate Noun

A

After a linking verb the predicate noun is put in the SAME case as the SUBJECT

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23
Q

Verb Sum

A

Forms of the verb sum may stand ANYWHERE in the sentence.

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24
Q

Give the case:
propter
post
cum
in

A

propter - accusative #992, p25
post - accusative #979-980, p25
cum - ablative #951-952, p25
in - ablative #961-964, p25

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25
Q

Third Declension Gender Rules #45-51

A

45-51, p35

#46-47: Determine if the noun is naming a man or woman.
#48: Always apply gender rules 46-47 before 49-51.
If not, then look at the ending to determine gender:
#49:Masculine endings: -er, -or (ERROR)
#50:Feminine endings: -s, -o, -x (SOX)
#51:Neuter endings: -l, -a, -n, -c, -e, -t (LANCET)

26
Q

Decline 3rd Declension Nouns #53-56

A

53-First find gender, then find the stem from the genitive singular

#54-Add endings of Lex or Pars for non-neuter nouns
#55-For neuter nouns add the endings of flumen
#56-The vocative is always like the nominative

27
Q

Rule about predicate nouns

A

473, p27
After a linking verb, the predicate noun is put in the same case as the subject - nominative.

28
Q

What is an appositive?

A

(from Memoria Press)
A noun or phrase that is “put beside” another noun to rename or explain it and is set off by commas

29
Q

Agreement rule for appositives

A

473, p39

An appositive agrees with its noun in number and case.

30
Q

What is the Natural Gender Rule?

A

46 Nouns naming individual male persons are masculine: miles, militis, m, soldier

31
Q

ERROR

A

49 Nouns ending in -er, -or (ERROR) are masculine

32
Q

SOX

A

50 Nouns ending is -s, -o, -x (SOX) are feminine

33
Q

LANCET

A

51 Nouns ending in -l, -a, -n, -c, -e, -t (LANCET) are neuter

34
Q

How to determine which Third Declension words are declined like LEX or PARS.

A

59-61, p35

#59-All masculine and feminine nouns of third declension are declined like LEX except the following nouns which have -ium in the genitive plural.
#60-Nouns that have the same number of syllables in the genitive singular as in the nominative singular: hostis, hostis (hostium) - enemy
#61-Nouns whose stem ends in two consonants, as:gēns, gentis (tribe). The stem is gent-, hence gentium

35
Q

3rd Declension endings M/F singular

A

57-58

Various, is, ī , em, e

36
Q

3rd Declension endings M/F plural

A

57-58

ēs, um, ibus, ēs, ibus

37
Q

Genitive Singular 3rd Declension

A

All nouns whose genitive singular ends in -IS belong to the 3rd declension.

38
Q

What are some words with -um instead of -ium?

A

62, p35

patrum, mātrum, frātrum
(fathers, mothers, and brothers)

39
Q

Third Declension Neuter Endings

A

64, p51

Singular: various, -is, ī, various, -e

Plural: -a, -um, ibus, a, ibus

40
Q

Fourth Declension (Masc.) Endings

A

65, p56

Singular: us, ūs, uī, um, ū
Plural: ūs, uum, ibus, ūs, ibus

41
Q

Gender of Fourth Declension

A

66

All 4th Declension nouns are masculine except:
manus (f), domus (f), cornū (n), genū (n), and a few others

42
Q

“In” with the accusative

A

962-964, p57

Whenever there is movement or motion expressed by “in,” the accusative is used. (in, into, against, upon, on)

43
Q

“In” with the ablative

A

961, p58

When there is no idea of movement or motion, the ablative is used. (in, on)

44
Q

Autem and postpositive

A

p 59
Autem is postpositive, which means is cannot stand first in a sentence. it must always follow the first word or phrase of its clause.

45
Q

The Fifth Declension Endings

A

69, p62

Singular - ēs, eī, eī, em, ē
Plural - ēs, ērum, ēbus, ēs, ēbus

46
Q

Gender of Fifth Declension Nouns

A

70, p62

All feminine except diēs, which is generally masculine

47
Q

Note concerning the Fifth Declension

A

71

The genitive and dative singular ending of the fifth declension is ēī instead of eī when the stem ends in a vowel, as diēs, stem di, therefore di-ēī.

48
Q

Agreement of Adjectives & Nouns

A

p37
Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number and case.

49
Q

How to Decline an Adjective

A

73, p72

Learn the nom & gen from the vocabulary.
These show what model the adjective follows.
Add the ending of the model to the stem.

50
Q

Adjectives in -us of the 1st & 2nd Declension

A

Masculine like servus - us, ī , ō, um, ō, - ī , ōrum, īs, ōs, īs

Feminine like porta - a, ae, ae, am, ā ae, ārum, īs, ās, īs

Neuter like bellum um, i, ō, um, ō a, ōrum, īs, ā, īs

51
Q

Adjectives and their nouns

A

Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case. GNC

52
Q

Quantity Adjectives

A

Adjectives of quantity generally precede their nouns.

53
Q

Quality Adjectives

A

Adjectives of quality generally follow their nouns.

54
Q

Prep Pro

A

Always takes the ABLATIVE case.
in expressions of PLACE, Pro means “in front of”

55
Q

Gravis, grave

A

all adjectives with is, e in the nominative singular are declined like gravis, grave. (3rd declension Adj)

56
Q

Present Tense (present stem) Singular

A

Sing 1. laud-ō (I praise, I am praising, I do praise)
2. laud-ās (you praise, you are praising, you do praise)
3. laud-āt (he/she/it praises, he/she/it is praising, he/she/it does praise)

57
Q

Present Tense (present stem) Plural

A
  1. Laud-āmus (we praise, we are praising, we do praise)
  2. laud-ātis (you praise, you are praising, you do praise)
  3. laud-ant (they praise, they are praising, they do praise)
58
Q

Eng/Latin Verbs

A

In both English and Latin verbs change their form to express tense, person, and number.

59
Q

āre

A

All verbs whose present infinitive active ends in āre belong to the 1st conjugation.

60
Q

Personal signs of the 1st conjugation

A

Sing
I (o or m)
you (-s)
he/she/it (-t)
Plural
we (-mus)
you (-tis)
they (-nt)

61
Q

Finite Verb

A

A finite verb agrees with its subject in person & number

Challenge A (10 decks)

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