Latin Grammar Rules Flashcards
First Declension Endings - Singular
31, p6
-a, -ae, -ae, -am, ā
First Declension Endings - Plural
31, p6
-ae, ārum, īs, as, īs
First Declension Noun Gender
32, 33, p9
All 1st declension nouns are feminine unless they name a male, like “nauta”.
Second Declension Endings, Masculine/Singular
34, p17
-us, ī, ō, um, ō
Second Declension Endings, Masculine/Plural
34, p17
ī, ōrum, īs, ōs, īs
Second Declension Noun Gender
35
-us, generally masculine
Genitive Singular Endings
25, p6
There are five declensions in Latin. They can be distinguished by the endings of the genitive singular.
1: -ae
2: - ī
3: - is
4: - ūs
5: - eī
What do Latin nouns have?
14, p4 Latin nouns have gender, number, case and declension.
What are the noun cases?
Nominative- Subject
Genitive- Possessive
Dative - Indirect Object
Accusative - Direct Object
Ablative - Object of the Preposition
Two syllable words
9 in words of two syllables, the accent is on the first.
via, bellum
What is the Gender Rule?
15-18, p4
There are 3 genders
-masculine, feminine, & neuter.
In all declension, a noun naming a female person is feminine, and a noun naming a male person is masculine. All other nouns must be learned from vocabulary.
What do we mean by “number” when speaking of Latin nouns?
19-21, p4
singular- one
plural- more than one
Stem
Drop the ending of the genitive singular to find the stem of a noun.
The stem remains the same throughout the declension. It gives the meaning of the word. The endings show what the word does in the sentence, whether it is the subject, direct object, indirect object, etc.
Neuter noun/adjective rule
29, p21
The accusative of neuter nouns and adjectives is always like the nominative in both singular and plural forms.
Subject & Verb Agreement
p 10 The finite verb agrees with its subject in number and person.
Verb Position
p 14 The verb is usually last in the sentence.
Adverb Position
p 14 The adverb is usually placed before the word it modifies.
2nd Declension Endings Neuter/Singular
37, p20
um, ī, ō, um, ō
2nd Declension Endings Neuter Plural
37, p20
a, ōrum, īs, a, īs
Neuter nouns: nominative/accusative Rule
39
The accusative is like the nominative in all neuter nouns and adjectives.
Cases for Prepositions
p24-25
Ablative and accusative
Predicate Noun
After a linking verb the predicate noun is put in the SAME case as the SUBJECT
Verb Sum
Forms of the verb sum may stand ANYWHERE in the sentence.
Give the case:
propter
post
cum
in
propter - accusative #992, p25
post - accusative #979-980, p25
cum - ablative #951-952, p25
in - ablative #961-964, p25
Third Declension Gender Rules #45-51
45-51, p35
#46-47: Determine if the noun is naming a man or woman.
#48: Always apply gender rules 46-47 before 49-51.
If not, then look at the ending to determine gender:
#49:Masculine endings: -er, -or (ERROR)
#50:Feminine endings: -s, -o, -x (SOX)
#51:Neuter endings: -l, -a, -n, -c, -e, -t (LANCET)
Decline 3rd Declension Nouns #53-56
53-First find gender, then find the stem from the genitive singular
#54-Add endings of Lex or Pars for non-neuter nouns
#55-For neuter nouns add the endings of flumen
#56-The vocative is always like the nominative
Rule about predicate nouns
473, p27
After a linking verb, the predicate noun is put in the same case as the subject - nominative.
What is an appositive?
(from Memoria Press)
A noun or phrase that is “put beside” another noun to rename or explain it and is set off by commas
Agreement rule for appositives
473, p39
An appositive agrees with its noun in number and case.
What is the Natural Gender Rule?
46 Nouns naming individual male persons are masculine: miles, militis, m, soldier
ERROR
49 Nouns ending in -er, -or (ERROR) are masculine
SOX
50 Nouns ending is -s, -o, -x (SOX) are feminine
LANCET
51 Nouns ending in -l, -a, -n, -c, -e, -t (LANCET) are neuter
How to determine which Third Declension words are declined like LEX or PARS.
59-61, p35
#59-All masculine and feminine nouns of third declension are declined like LEX except the following nouns which have -ium in the genitive plural.
#60-Nouns that have the same number of syllables in the genitive singular as in the nominative singular: hostis, hostis (hostium) - enemy
#61-Nouns whose stem ends in two consonants, as:gēns, gentis (tribe). The stem is gent-, hence gentium
3rd Declension endings M/F singular
57-58
Various, is, ī , em, e
3rd Declension endings M/F plural
57-58
ēs, um, ibus, ēs, ibus
Genitive Singular 3rd Declension
All nouns whose genitive singular ends in -IS belong to the 3rd declension.
What are some words with -um instead of -ium?
62, p35
patrum, mātrum, frātrum
(fathers, mothers, and brothers)
Third Declension Neuter Endings
64, p51
Singular: various, -is, ī, various, -e
Plural: -a, -um, ibus, a, ibus
Fourth Declension (Masc.) Endings
65, p56
Singular: us, ūs, uī, um, ū
Plural: ūs, uum, ibus, ūs, ibus
Gender of Fourth Declension
66
All 4th Declension nouns are masculine except:
manus (f), domus (f), cornū (n), genū (n), and a few others
“In” with the accusative
962-964, p57
Whenever there is movement or motion expressed by “in,” the accusative is used. (in, into, against, upon, on)
“In” with the ablative
961, p58
When there is no idea of movement or motion, the ablative is used. (in, on)
Autem and postpositive
p 59
Autem is postpositive, which means is cannot stand first in a sentence. it must always follow the first word or phrase of its clause.
The Fifth Declension Endings
69, p62
Singular - ēs, eī, eī, em, ē
Plural - ēs, ērum, ēbus, ēs, ēbus
Gender of Fifth Declension Nouns
70, p62
All feminine except diēs, which is generally masculine
Note concerning the Fifth Declension
71
The genitive and dative singular ending of the fifth declension is ēī instead of eī when the stem ends in a vowel, as diēs, stem di, therefore di-ēī.
Agreement of Adjectives & Nouns
p37
Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number and case.
How to Decline an Adjective
73, p72
Learn the nom & gen from the vocabulary.
These show what model the adjective follows.
Add the ending of the model to the stem.
Adjectives in -us of the 1st & 2nd Declension
Masculine like servus - us, ī , ō, um, ō, - ī , ōrum, īs, ōs, īs
Feminine like porta - a, ae, ae, am, ā ae, ārum, īs, ās, īs
Neuter like bellum um, i, ō, um, ō a, ōrum, īs, ā, īs
Adjectives and their nouns
Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case. GNC
Quantity Adjectives
Adjectives of quantity generally precede their nouns.
Quality Adjectives
Adjectives of quality generally follow their nouns.
Prep Pro
Always takes the ABLATIVE case.
in expressions of PLACE, Pro means “in front of”
Gravis, grave
all adjectives with is, e in the nominative singular are declined like gravis, grave. (3rd declension Adj)
Present Tense (present stem) Singular
Sing 1. laud-ō (I praise, I am praising, I do praise)
2. laud-ās (you praise, you are praising, you do praise)
3. laud-āt (he/she/it praises, he/she/it is praising, he/she/it does praise)
Present Tense (present stem) Plural
- Laud-āmus (we praise, we are praising, we do praise)
- laud-ātis (you praise, you are praising, you do praise)
- laud-ant (they praise, they are praising, they do praise)
Eng/Latin Verbs
In both English and Latin verbs change their form to express tense, person, and number.
āre
All verbs whose present infinitive active ends in āre belong to the 1st conjugation.
Personal signs of the 1st conjugation
Sing
I (o or m)
you (-s)
he/she/it (-t)
Plural
we (-mus)
you (-tis)
they (-nt)
Finite Verb
A finite verb agrees with its subject in person & number
Imperfect Tense (present stem)
ba
laudabam, laudabas, laudabat, laudabamus, laudabatis, laudabant
Future Tense (present stem)
bi
Laudabo, laudabis, laudabit, laudabimus, laudabitis, laudabunt
The imperfect tense of the verb is formed on what ?
The Present Stem
The future tense of the verb is formed on what?
The present stem
All verbs whose present infinitive active ends in _____ belong to the 1st conjugation.
ARE
How do you build a verb?
Stem + Conjugation indicator + tense sign + personal sign
Laud + a + ba+ nt = laudabant
2nd Conjugation
All verbs whose present infinite active ends in ERE belong to the 2nd conjugation
2nd conjugation indicator
e
Personal Pronouns of the 1st person
I/ME (sing)
Nom -ego
gen- mei
dat- mihi
Acc- me
Abl- me
Personal Pronouns of the 2nd person
YOU (sing)
Nom -tu
gen- tui
dat- tibi
Acc- te
Abl- te
Personal Pronouns of the 2nd person
YOU (plural)
Nom - vos
gen- vestri/vestrum
dat- vobis
Acc- vos
Abl- vobis
Personal Pronouns of the 1st person
I/ME (plural)
Nom -nos
gen- nostri/nostrum
dat- nobis
Acc- nos
Abl- nobis
Pronoun (agreement)
A pronoun agrees with the word to which it refers, in gender and number. It’s case depends on its use in the clause
What is a direct reflexive?
a pronoun that refers back to the subject of its own clause.
