Lateral aspect

Question 1

How many layers are and who has described them

Answer 1

• 3 layers

- Seebacher

Question 2

Layer 1 contains:
1)
2)
3)

Answer 2

1) superficial fascia (fascia lata)
2) ITB
3) biceps femoris (with its expansion posteriorly)

Question 3

Layer 2 contains:
1)
2)

Answer 3

1) quadriceps retinaculum anteriorly

2) posteriorly two patellofemoral ligaments

Question 4

Layer 3 is composed of the ________

Answer 4

lateral capsule

Question 5

posterior capsule is divided into two laminae, what are they

Answer 5

1) deep lamina is composed of the coronary ligament and the arcuate ligament
2) superficial lamina - original capsule - consists of the LCL and the fabellofibular ligament

Question 6

who passes between the two laminae

Answer 6

inferior lateral geniculate artery

Question 7

Which layer is the ALL

Answer 7

layer 3

Question 8

ITB insertion

Answer 8

Gerdy’s tubercle on the tibia. Some fibers proceed to the tibial tuberosity

Question 9

Origin of the biceps femoris

Answer 9

long head –> ischial tuberosity

short head –> lateral lip of the linea aspera

Question 10

Innervation of the biceps femoris

Answer 10

Both heads is derived from the sciatic nerve.

• long head –> tibial branch
• short head –> common popliteal nerve

Question 11

Insertion of the biceps femoris

Answer 11

common tendon around the LCL insertion on the fibular styloid then divides into three layers

Question 12

3 layers of the biceps femoris insertion

Answer 12

• superficial layer –> wide expansion proximal tibia
• middle layer –> envelops the LCL and is separated from the ligament by a bursa
• deep layer –> bifurcates and inserts on the fibular styloid and on the tibia at Gerdy’s tubercle

Question 13

function of the biceps femoris

Answer 13

• knee flexor
• additionally acts as a weaker hip extensor and external rotator of the tibia
• static and dynamic stabilizer of the lateral aspect of the knee, especially as the knee flexes beyond 30 degrees

Question 14

lateral patellar retinaculum is composed of two major components:

Answer 14

• superficial oblique retinaculum

- deep transverse retinaculum

Question 15

The superficial oblique retinaculum runs superficially from the _____ to the ______

Answer 15

• ITB

- patella

Question 16

The deep transverse retinaculum consists of three major components:

Answer 16

1) epicondylopatellar band (transverse patellofemoral ligament)
2) transverse retinaculum
3) patellotibial band

Question 17

who in 1878 initially partially recognized the ALL and who recently described it

Answer 17

Segond - Claes et al

Question 18

origin of the ALL

Answer 18

prominence of the lateral femoral epicondyle just anterior to and distinct from the origin of the LCL

Question 19

attachments of the ALL

Answer 19

lateral meniscus and anterolateral tibia midway between Gerdy’s tubercle and the tip of the fibular head

Question 20

what does the ALL control

Answer 20

• internal rotation of the tibia (at flexion greater than 35 degrees)

Question 21

Segond fracture, what is it

Answer 21

associated with ACL injury, is an avulsion, with a fleck of bone, of the insertion of the ALL from the anterolateral tibia

Question 22

origin and attachments of the LCL

Answer 22

• lateral epicondyle of the femur, anterior to the origin of the gastrocnemius
• head of the fibula, where it blends with the insertion of the biceps femoris

Question 23

Two to three sequential images are usually required to visualize the LCL because of the _____ course of the ligament

Answer 23

oblique

Question 24

fabellofibular ligament, what is it

Answer 24

condensation of fibers lying between the LCL and arcuate ligaments that runs from the fabella (sesamoid bone found in the lateral head of the gastrocnemius) to the fibular styloid

Question 25

origin and attachments of the arcuate ligament

Answer 25

• from the lateral condyle of the femur

- to the posterior part of the capsule and fibular styloid

Question 26

fabellofibular and arcuate ligaments are always present?

Answer 26

both present in 67% of the knees

Question 27

origin and attachments popliteal muscle

Answer 27

• strong tendon 2.5 cm long, from groove on the lateral condyle of the femur
• triangular muscle in the posterior surface of the tibia

Question 28

where more than half of the fibers of the popliteal muscle are attached

Answer 28

lateral meniscus

Question 29

The synovial membrane below the meniscus herniates deep to the muscle as the ______

Answer 29

popliteus bursa

Question 30

primary role of the popliteal muscle

Answer 30

• unlocking the knee to allow flexion by producing external rotation of the femur in the loaded position

Question 31

The nerve to the popliteus arises from the _____

Answer 31

tibial nerve

Question 32

Who stabilize the PL corner of the knee

Answer 32

• LCL
• PCL
• popliteal–arcuate complex

Question 33

the structures of the PL corne stabilize the knee against

Answer 33

• varus stress
• external tibial rotation
• posterior translation