Last Minute Memorisation Flashcards
what structures are most significant for resonance
- minimal charges are more significant than structures with several charges.
- Structures that have a full octet of electrons on their atoms are more significant than those that do not have a full octet.
- If two carbon atoms in a structure have opposite charges, this structure is generally insignificant.
what are the hybridisations of compounds other than carbon bonds
compound
single 3 bonds - sp3
one double bond - sp2
one triple bond - sp
two double bonds together - sp
what are the hybridisations of carbon
sp3 = connected to 4 atoms/groups. 109.5 degrees
sp2 = connected to 3 atoms/groups. 120 degrees
sp = connected to 2 atoms/groups. 180 degrees
what is the stablest conformation for newman projection
eclipsed
what is the least stablest conformation for newman projection
staggered - where substituents are 180- degrees apart especially
what are the two possible conformations of cyclohexane
boat or chair confirmation
what confirmation for cyclohexane is more stable
chair
99% of cyclohexane conformations are chair conformations
why is a chair conformation more stable than a boat conformation
lower energy
more stable
what is an equatorial or axial bond in chair conformation
which is more stable
equatorial is more stable
less steric interaction + favoured in equilibrium
how do you change from chair equatorial to chair axial
chair ‘flip’
what is a cis and trans alkene
cis means substituents on same side of double bond
trans means on opposite sides
whats more stable - cis or trans alkene
trans
substituents opposite so cant interact further
less steric hindrance
what is enantiomer
what is disasteriomer
enantiomer - mirror image
disasteriomer - not mirror image
what is touelene
benzene + CH3
what is aniine
benzene + NH2
what is anisole
benzene + O-CH3
what is phenol
benzene + OH
what is ortho
substituents next to each other
what is meta
substituents have one space aprt
what is para
substituents have two spaces apart
what is more than 6c chain on benzene ring called
phenyl group
what does ph in nomenclature meant to represent in organic chemistry
phenyl group
what does aromatic mean
derivative of benzene
aldehydes have what
O=C-H
carbon double bond to oxygen and one single bond hydrogen
ketones have what
carbon one double bond to oxygen
what is the ending for aldehydes
-al
what is the ending for ketones
-one
for aldehydes is the carbon included in parent chain that makes up aldehyde
yes
what is fomaldehyde
2 H single bond to carbon
1 double bond oxygen to carbon
sp2
what is acetaldehyde
CH3 single bond carbon
H single bond carbon
1 double bond oxygen
what is acetone
2 single bond CH3 to carbon
1 double bond oxygen to carbon
