Last Min Ch 11 things Flashcards
Use of fluorescence to study contraction
- investigate muscle contraction using Ca-45
- autoradiography shows radioactive calcium is concentrated in specific parts
- region of overlap b/w actin &myosin in contracted muscle - NOT IN RELAXED MUSCLE
- reason = calcium ions bind to troponin –> allows cross bridge formation
Malpighian tubule system
- Na+ & K+ actively transported FROM hemolymph into tubule
- water moves in via osmosis
- nitrogenous waste moves into tubule (follows water)
- uric acid forms
- salts & water are reabsorbed
- dry faeces containing uric acid leave body
What do malpighian tubules drain into?
they drain into the insect’s digestive tract
Antagonistic muscle pairs in insect leg
- to JUMP, flexor muscle contracts, extensor muscle relaxes
- to PROPEL insect, extensor muscle contracts, flexor muscle relaxes
TIBIA & FEMUR ARE BROUGHT TOGETHER IN Z SHAPE
What is the tarsus?
an insect’s lower leg
What is the tibia?
the middle part of the insect’s leg
What is the femur?
the upper part of the insect’s leg
What type of nitrogenous waste do fish excrete?
ammonia & small amounts of urea
nitrogenous waste of bird/reptiles/insects
uric acid
mammals/adult amphibians waste
urea
mammals/adult amphibians waste
urea
Consequences of dehydration
- low vol, dark concent urine
- drop in blood pressure due to reduced blood vol
- fatigue –> due to increased exp. to waste
- not being able to sweat
- can;t regulate body temp
- elevated heart rate since pressure falls
Consequences of overhydration
- swelling of body cells
- headaches
- low heart rate as heart due to high pressure
- excessive urine, dilute
- high blood pressure due to increased blood vol
- low ion levels, neuorological issues
Kidney dialysis
artificial kidney machines carry out function of kidney outside of body
- blood flows through tube from person to machine
- small molecules like urea and salt can fit through
- based on gradients of urea, salts, etc.
kidney transplant
one healthy kidney from donor replaces both diseased kidneys
why does kidney failure occur?
- high blood pressure
- diabetes
- overuse of certain drugs
- infections
- injury
Strengths of kidney transplant
- no ill feeling
-no need to have dialysis every few days - diet is less restricted
Limitations of kidney transplant
- immune response
- immunosuppressant drugs must be taken for rest of life
- not enough donors
Adaptation of desert animals - water conservation
- very long looooop of Henle
- thicker medulla
- producing very little urine
- very dry feces WHICH THEY RECONSUME :-
- urine much more concentrated than body fluids
- collecting ducts also super loooong
knee (hinge)
flexion & extension
elbow (hinge)
flexion & extension
hip (ball & socket)
flex, extend, rotate, sideways, back
shoulder
abduction, adduction, flexion, extension
blood cells in urine?
infections / cancer
glucose in urine?
diabetes
proteins in urine?
small amts normal, but larger amts sign of kidney disease
drugs in urine?
shows if person is drug abuser (recreational reasons/sports)
muscle contraction
- motor neuron stimulates striated muscle fiber
- calcium ions released from sarcoplasmic reticulum INSIDE fiber
- calcium binds to troponin and causes shape of troponin to change –> causes movement of tropomyosin
- exposes binding sites
- myosin heads can form cross bridges by binding to actin
- ATP binds to myosin heads & causes separation of cross bridges from binding sites
- ATP is hydrolysed to ADP + phosphate
- myosin heads change angle (cock) - store potential energy from ATP
- ADP is released when myosin heads rebind & push actin towards center (power stroke)
function of bones & exoskeleton?
provide ANCHORAGE for muscles & act as LEVERS
cardiac muscle is. . . ?
branched
skeletal muscle cells (fibres) are. . . ?
multinucleate & contain specialised endoplasmic reticulum (sarcoplasmic reticulum)
whats the fulcrum?
where the bones are articulated - the JOINT
whats the biceps?
the FLEXOR - brings forearm in towards body
whats the triceps?
the extensor - brings forearm down
ligaments do. . .?
attach bone to bone in order to stabilise bond
tendons do. . . ?
attach muscle to bone
bones are for?
structure & motion
examples of hinge joint
MOTION IN ONE PLANE
elbow joint, knee joint
examples of ball & socket joint
motion in MORE THAN ONE PLANE
femur & hip, shoulder joint
pivot joint
ROTATIONAL MOVEMENT
connects radius to humerus in forearm
saddle joint
movement in TWO PLANES ONLY
at knuckles
where are blood cells / stem cells formed?
marrow of long bones
what causes striations of muscle fibre?
overlap of actin and myosin
what happens during contraction?
H zone DECREASES (the are in b/ the myosin)
A zone doesnt change (the actual myosin section)
I band decreases (the white part on either sides of Z line)
