Last Min Ch 11 things

Question 1

Use of fluorescence to study contraction

Answer 1

• investigate muscle contraction using Ca-45
• autoradiography shows radioactive calcium is concentrated in specific parts
• region of overlap b/w actin &myosin in contracted muscle - NOT IN RELAXED MUSCLE
• reason = calcium ions bind to troponin –> allows cross bridge formation

Question 2

Malpighian tubule system

Answer 2

1. Na+ & K+ actively transported FROM hemolymph into tubule
2. water moves in via osmosis
3. nitrogenous waste moves into tubule (follows water)
4. uric acid forms
5. salts & water are reabsorbed
6. dry faeces containing uric acid leave body

Question 3

What do malpighian tubules drain into?

Answer 3

they drain into the insect’s digestive tract

Question 4

Antagonistic muscle pairs in insect leg

Answer 4

• to JUMP, flexor muscle contracts, extensor muscle relaxes
• to PROPEL insect, extensor muscle contracts, flexor muscle relaxes

TIBIA & FEMUR ARE BROUGHT TOGETHER IN Z SHAPE

Question 5

What is the tarsus?

Answer 5

an insect’s lower leg

Question 6

What is the tibia?

Answer 6

the middle part of the insect’s leg

Question 7

What is the femur?

Answer 7

the upper part of the insect’s leg

Question 8

What type of nitrogenous waste do fish excrete?

Answer 8

ammonia & small amounts of urea

Question 9

nitrogenous waste of bird/reptiles/insects

Answer 9

uric acid

Question 10

mammals/adult amphibians waste

Answer 10

urea

Question 10

mammals/adult amphibians waste

Answer 10

urea

Question 11

Consequences of dehydration

Answer 11

• low vol, dark concent urine
• drop in blood pressure due to reduced blood vol
• fatigue –> due to increased exp. to waste
• not being able to sweat
• can;t regulate body temp
• elevated heart rate since pressure falls

Question 12

Consequences of overhydration

Answer 12

• swelling of body cells
• headaches
• low heart rate as heart due to high pressure
• excessive urine, dilute
• high blood pressure due to increased blood vol
• low ion levels, neuorological issues

Question 13

Kidney dialysis

Answer 13

artificial kidney machines carry out function of kidney outside of body
- blood flows through tube from person to machine
- small molecules like urea and salt can fit through
- based on gradients of urea, salts, etc.

Question 14

kidney transplant

Answer 14

one healthy kidney from donor replaces both diseased kidneys

Question 15

why does kidney failure occur?

Answer 15

• high blood pressure
• diabetes
• overuse of certain drugs
• infections
• injury

Question 16

Strengths of kidney transplant

Answer 16

• no ill feeling
  -no need to have dialysis every few days
• diet is less restricted

Question 17

Limitations of kidney transplant

Answer 17

• immune response
• immunosuppressant drugs must be taken for rest of life
• not enough donors

Question 18

Adaptation of desert animals - water conservation

Answer 18

• very long looooop of Henle
• thicker medulla
• producing very little urine
• very dry feces WHICH THEY RECONSUME :-
• urine much more concentrated than body fluids
• collecting ducts also super loooong

Question 19

knee (hinge)

Answer 19

flexion & extension

Question 20

elbow (hinge)

Answer 20

flexion & extension

Question 21

hip (ball & socket)

Answer 21

flex, extend, rotate, sideways, back

Question 22

shoulder

Answer 22

abduction, adduction, flexion, extension

Question 23

blood cells in urine?

Answer 23

infections / cancer

Question 24

glucose in urine?

Answer 24

diabetes

Question 25

proteins in urine?

Answer 25

small amts normal, but larger amts sign of kidney disease

Question 26

drugs in urine?

Answer 26

shows if person is drug abuser (recreational reasons/sports)

Question 27

muscle contraction

Answer 27

• motor neuron stimulates striated muscle fiber
• calcium ions released from sarcoplasmic reticulum INSIDE fiber
• calcium binds to troponin and causes shape of troponin to change –> causes movement of tropomyosin
• exposes binding sites
• myosin heads can form cross bridges by binding to actin
• ATP binds to myosin heads & causes separation of cross bridges from binding sites
• ATP is hydrolysed to ADP + phosphate
• myosin heads change angle (cock) - store potential energy from ATP
• ADP is released when myosin heads rebind & push actin towards center (power stroke)

Question 28

function of bones & exoskeleton?

Answer 28

provide ANCHORAGE for muscles & act as LEVERS

Question 29

cardiac muscle is. . . ?

Answer 29

branched

Question 30

skeletal muscle cells (fibres) are. . . ?

Answer 30

multinucleate & contain specialised endoplasmic reticulum (sarcoplasmic reticulum)

Question 31

whats the fulcrum?

Answer 31

where the bones are articulated - the JOINT

Question 32

whats the biceps?

Answer 32

the FLEXOR - brings forearm in towards body

Question 33

whats the triceps?

Answer 33

the extensor - brings forearm down

Question 34

ligaments do. . .?

Answer 34

attach bone to bone in order to stabilise bond

Question 35

tendons do. . . ?

Answer 35

attach muscle to bone

Question 36

bones are for?

Answer 36

structure & motion

Question 37

examples of hinge joint

Answer 37

MOTION IN ONE PLANE
elbow joint, knee joint

Question 38

examples of ball & socket joint

Answer 38

motion in MORE THAN ONE PLANE
femur & hip, shoulder joint

Question 39

pivot joint

Answer 39

ROTATIONAL MOVEMENT
connects radius to humerus in forearm

Question 40

saddle joint

Answer 40

movement in TWO PLANES ONLY
at knuckles

Question 41

where are blood cells / stem cells formed?

Answer 41

marrow of long bones

Question 42

what causes striations of muscle fibre?

Answer 42

overlap of actin and myosin

Question 43

what happens during contraction?

Answer 43

H zone DECREASES (the are in b/ the myosin)
A zone doesnt change (the actual myosin section)
I band decreases (the white part on either sides of Z line)