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Last lab Flashcards

1
Q

Three layers of the mucosa

A

Mucosal epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae

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2
Q

Where is the submucosa?

A

Beneath the mucosa

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3
Q

Order the layers of the digestive tract

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

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4
Q

Mucosal epithelium

A

Stratified or simple epithelium

Type is different in different regions

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5
Q

Lamina propria

A

Areolar tissue

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6
Q

Muscularis mucosae

A

Smooth muscle

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7
Q

Submucosa

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

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8
Q

Inner layer of smooth muscle

A

Circular

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9
Q

Outer layer of smooth muscle

A

Longitudinal

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10
Q

Two tissues types of the serosa

A

Mesothelium - simple squamous epithelium

Loose connective tissue

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11
Q

Adventitia

A

Collagen fibres around muscular layer of oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus and rectum

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12
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

Peritoneal serosa covering inner surface of abdominal cavity walls

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13
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

Peritoneal serosa covering outer surfaces of the organs lying within a cavity

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14
Q

Serosa

A

Thin layer of connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium

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15
Q

Simple squamous epithelium within serosa

A

Mesothelium

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16
Q

Mesentery is…

A

Fused, double sheets of peritoneal membrane

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17
Q

Functions of the oral cavity

A

Food analysis - sensory info
Lubrication of food
Mechanical processing
Limited digestion of carbohydrates

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18
Q

Functions of the tongue

A

Mechanical processing of food - compression, distortion + abrasion
Manipulation -> assist chewing
Sensory analysis - touch, temp., taste
Secretion of mucins + enzymes for fat digestion

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19
Q

2 types of cells in salivary glands

A

Mucous

Serous

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20
Q

Parts of the teeth

A 
Crown = top
Neck = middle (at top of gum)
Root = bottom
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21
Q

Palatal muscles function

A

Raise soft palate + adjacent portions of the pharyngeal wall

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22
Q

Phases of the swallowing process

A

Buccal
Pharyngeal
Esophageal

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23
Q

Voluntary phase of swallowing process

A

Buccal

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24
Q

Compacted mass of chewed food for swallowing

A

Bolus

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25
Q

Function of the esophagus

A

Deliver food to stomach

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26
Q

Opening in diaphragm for passage of the esophagus

A

Esophageal hiatus

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27
Q

Epithelium of esophagus mucosa

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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28
Q

Glands in the submucosa of the esophagus

A

Esophageal glands

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29
Q

Digestive functions of the stomach

A

Storage of ingested food
Mechanical breakdown of food
Chemical digestion of food by acids + enzymes

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30
Q

What leaves the stomach?

A

Chyme

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31
Q

What cavity is the stomach in?

A

Peritoneal

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32
Q

Mucosal epithelium of the stomach

A

Simple columnar

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33
Q

Function of stomach mucosal epithelium

A

Produce mucus

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34
Q

Four layers of the stomach

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

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35
Q

Mesenteries of the stomach

A

Greater omentum

Lesser omentum

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36
Q

Location of greater omentum

A

Hands from greater curvature of the stomach

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37
Q

Attachments of lesser omentum

A

Hepatogastric ligament - connects liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach

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38
Q

Hepatogastric ligament

A

Connects liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach

Lesser omentum

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39
Q

Rugae

A

Folds of the stomach

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40
Q

Function of rugae

A

Allow expansion of stomach lumen

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41
Q

Three sections of the small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejenum
Ileum

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42
Q

Functions of the small intestine

A

90% of nutrient absorption
Enzymatic digestion
Buffering pH of chyme in duodenum

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43
Q

Three features increasing the surface area of the small intestine

A

Plicae
Villi
Microvilli

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44
Q

Four layers of intestinal wall

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

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45
Q

Villi contain…

A

Lacteals = lymph vessels

Capillary plexuses

46
Q

Lacteals

A

Lymphatic vessels (green on diagrams)

47
Q

Function of lacteals

A

Transport large lipid-protein complexes to venous circulation via the lymphatic system + thoracic duct

48
Q

Function of capillary plexus in intestinal wall

A

Absorb + carry nutrient to hepatic portal circulation

49
Q

Function of intestinal crypts

A

Produce new epithelial cells

50
Q

Duodenal papilla

A

Raised section of duodenum, receives gallbladder duct and pancreatic secretions

51
Q

Function of the jejenum

A

Chemical digestion + nutrient absorption

52
Q

Function of the ileum

A

Vitamin B12 absorption

53
Q

What controls the movement through the small intestine?

A

Peristaltic contractions

54
Q

Large intestine functions

A

Reabsorption of water + electrolytes
Absorption of vitamins via bacterial action
Storage of fecal matter before excretion

55
Q

Movement s of fecal material through the large intestine =

A

Mass movement

56
Q

Mass movement stimulus

A

Distention of duodenum + stomach

57
Q

Three sections of the large intestine

A

Cecum
Colon
Rectum

58
Q

Mucosal epithelium of the large intestine

A

Simple columnar

59
Q

Muscle layer in the large intestine

A

Taeniae coli

60
Q

Intestinal glands produce….

61
Q

Ileocecal valve

A

Separates ileum + cecum

62
Q

Vermiform appendix is part of the…

A

Lymphatic system

63
Q

Teniae coli

A

Muscle stretching the entire length of the large intestine

64
Q

Function of the rectum

A

Temporary storage of fecal matter

65
Q

Functions of the liver

A

Metabolic regulation - regulates circulating levels of carbohydrates + amino acids
Hematological regulation - phagocytes remove old red blood cells
Synthesis + secretion of bile

66
Q

Function of the common hepatic duct

A

Transport bile to intestine + gall bladder

67
Q

Function of bile

A

Dilute + bugger acidic chyme

Bind to fatty acids in chyme to enable enzyme digestion

68
Q

Function of gall bladder

A

Stores + concentrates bile

69
Q

Function of the hepatopancreatic sphincter

A

Controls whether bile is stored in the gallbladder or goes directly to the duodenum

70
Q

Location of the hepatopancreatic sphincter

A

Surrounds lumen of the common bile duct + duodenum ampulla

Contraction -> sealed duodenum ampulla -> bile goes to gallbaldder

71
Q

Exocrine function of pancreas

A

Production of digestive enzymes

72
Q

Endocrine function of pancreas

A

Production of insulin + glucagon

73
Q

Epithelium lining the pharynx

A

Stratified squaomous

74
Q

Epithelium lining the small intestine

A

Simple columnar

75
Q

Accessory digestive organs

A

Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

76
Q

Organs of the urinary system (4)

A

Kidneys
Ureter
Urethra
Urinary bladder

77
Q

Function of the ureter

A

Deliver urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

78
Q

Location of adrenal glands

A

Above kidneys

79
Q

Function of urethra

A

Deliver urine from urinary bladder to external

80
Q

Location of prostate gland

A

Posterior to urinary bladder

81
Q

Function of renal corpuscle

A

Produce filtrate

82
Q

Function of proximal convoluted tubule

A

Reabsorption of water, ions + nutrients

83
Q

Function of ascending loop of Henle

A

NaCl reabsorption

84
Q

Function of descending loop of Henle

A

Water reabsorption

85
Q

Function of distal convoluted tubule

A

Secretes unwanted ions, acids + toxins

Limited reabsorption of water + ions

86
Q

Three parts of the collecting system

A

Collecting ducts
Connecting tubules
Papillary ducts

87
Q

Function of collecting system

A

Drains cortical + juxtamedullary nephrons

Final adjustments to osmotic concentration + volume

88
Q

Collecting ducts empty into the…

A

Papillary ducts

89
Q

Papillary ducts empty into the…

A

Minor calyces

90
Q

Two structures in the renal corpuscle

A

Bowman’s capsule

Gomerulus

91
Q

Renal artery leads to…

A

Segmental arteries

92
Q

Segmental arteries lead to…

A

Interlobar arteries

93
Q

Interlobar arteries lead to…

A

Arcuate arteries

94
Q

Arcuate arteries lead to…

A

Interlobular arteries

95
Q

Interlobular arteries lead to…

A

Afferent arterioles

96
Q

Efferent arterioles lead to…

A

Peritubular capillaries

97
Q

Peritubular capillaries lead to…

A

Interlobular veins

98
Q

Interlobular veins lead to…

A

Arcuate veins

99
Q

Arcuate veins lead to…

A

Interlobar veins

100
Q

Interlobar veins lead to…

A

Renal veins

101
Q

Seven functions of the urinary system

A

Regulate plasma concentrations of Na, K, Cl, Ca
Regulate blood volume + pressure
Stabilise blood pH
Conserve nutrients
Eliminate organic waste products
Synthesise calcitriol -> Ca2+ absorption in intestine increase
Deaminate amino acids during starvation -> allow other tissues to break them down

102
Q

Organic wastes in skeletal muscle

A

Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine

103
Q

Seminiferous tubules produce…

A

Spermatozoa

104
Q

Three functions of the epididymis

A

Monitors + adjusts fluid produced by seminiferous tubules
Recycles damaged spermatozoa
Stores spermatozoa + facilitates maturation

105
Q

Organs contributing to semen production

A

Prostate gland
Seminal glands/vesicles
Bulbourethral glands

106
Q

Ovaries produce…

107
Q

Fertilisation occurs in the…

A

Uterine tubes

108
Q

Endometrium

A

Inner layer of uterine wall

109
Q

Myometrium

A

Muscular layer of uterine wall

110
Q

Function of the broad ligament

A 
Support reproductive organs:
Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina

Anatomy (11 decks)

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