Anatomy final Flashcards
4 types of tissue
Epithelium
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Two layers of basement membranes
Basal lamina = top
Reticular lamina = bottom
Another name for tight junctions
Occluding junctions
Most permeable epithelium
Simple squamous
Epithelium where absorption takes place
Simple columnar
Stratified columnar epithlelium in the…
Male reproductive tract
Exocrine cells have…
An EXit duct
Endocrine cells secrete into…
Extracellular fluid
Holocrine
Cell bursts -> contents released
Stratified cuboidal epithelium most common in…
Glands
4 types of membrane
Mucous
Serous = mesothelium
Synovial
Cutaneous
Mucous membrane line…
Passageways communicating with exterior - digestive, respiratory, urinary
Another name for serous membranes
Mesothelium
Serous membranes line…
Ventral body cavities
Eg. pericardium, peritoneum
Transitional epithelium is in the…
Urinary bladder + kidneys
Synovial membranes line…
Joint cavities
Cutaneous membranes in the…
Skin + integumentary system
Functions of connective tissue
Protection Storage Transport Defence Connecting tissues + organs
Types of connective tissue
Proper
Fluid
Supporting
Proper connective tissue
Loose - areolar, adipose, reticular
Dense - regular, irregular, elastic
Types of cartilage
Elastic
Hyaline
Fibrous
Types of bone
Trabecular/spongy
Compact
Ground substance is made up of
Glycoproteins + proteoglycans
Blast cells secrete…
Ground substance
Connective tissue fibres
Elastin
Collagen
Reticulin
Mesenchymal cells =
Connective tissue stem cells
Connective tissue stem cells =
Mesenchymal cells
Mast cells stimulate…
Inflammation
Location of areolar tissue
Between muscles
Around blood vessels, nerves + joints
Location of adipose tissue
Beneath skin
Function of areolar tissue
Packing + cushioning
Function of adipose tissue
Cushioning
Energy storage - lipids
Function of reticular tissue
Supporting framework
Location of reticular tissue
Liver
Kidney
Spleen
Bone marrow
Cutaneous membrane =
Epidermis + dermis
Layers of the dermis
Papillary
Reticular
Functions of dense connective tissue
Firm attachments
Force transmission
Reduced friction
Stabilise positioning of bones
Tissue in tendons + ligaments
Dense regular connective tissue
Lots of collagen + elastin
Location of dense irregular connective tissue
Joint capsules + visceral organs
Periostea + perichondria
Function of dense irregular connective tissue
Resists force in many directions
Prevents overexpansion of organs
Location of dense elastic connective tissue
Some spinal ligaments
Underlies transitional epithelium - contraction + expansion
Chondroblasts age and become
Chondrocytes
Chamber for chondrocytes + osteocytes
Lacuna
Hyaline cartilage has no…
Perichondrium
Perichondrium surrounds…
Cartilage
Outer perichondrium function
Support
Connections to other structures
Inner perichondrium function
Growth + maintenance of cartilage
Location of hyaline cartilage
Between ribs
Covers bones at joint surfaces
Supports larynx, trachea + bronchi
Function of hyaline cartilage
Strong + flexible support
Reduces friction between bones
Nourishment for hyaline cartilage comes from…
Synovial fluid
Location of elastic cartilage
Outer ear
Epiglottis
Auditory tubes
Function of elastic cartilage
Support
Tolerate distortion
Increased vascularity enables…
Faster healing
Location of fibrocartilage
Intervertebral discs - nucleus pulposus
Menisci
Pubic symphysis
Function of fibrocartilage
Allows movement of spine
Shock absorption
Resistance to compression
Prevents bone-bone contact
Osteon is made up of….
Concentric rings of lamellae served by one blood vessel hair
Blood vessel hair in bone is made up of…
Arteriole + venule
Location of blood vessel hair in bone =
Central canal
One ring of osteocytes
Lamella
Osteocytes in an osteon are connected by…
Canaliculi
Function of osteoclasts
Bone breakdown + remodelling
Osteoclasts move via…
Blood vessels in bone
Osteoprogenitor cells
Bone stem cells
What is in canaliculi?
Protrusions from osteoblasts
Enable connections of cells
Osteoid
Matrix of bone
Matrix of bone
Osteoid
Shaft of bone
Diaphysis
End of bone
Epiphysis
Medullary cavity of bone is surrounded by…
Endosteum - compact bone
Periosteum
Surrounds bone
Layers of periosteum
Outer = fibrous Inner = cellular
Circumfrential lamellae are served by the…
Periosteum
Periosteum is continuous with…
Collagen of bone
Endochondral ossification =
Bone formation originating from cartilage
Intramembranous ossification occurs in the…
Skull
Cartilage used for endochondral ossification
Hyaline
Secondary ossification site…
Centres of epiphysis
Type of cartilage in epiphyseal growth plates
Hyaline
Epimysium
Surrounds whole muscle
Connective tissue at end of muscle
Tendon
Perimysium
Surrounds fasicles
Endomysium
Surrounds fibres = muscle cells
Titin
Non-contractile protein
Function of titin in muscles
Holds myosin filaments to Z line
Troponin
Balls blocking actin sites for myosin
Tropomyosin
‘Thread’ holding troponin in place
Nebulin
Non-contractile protein in between actin filaments
Function of nebulin in muscles
Holds actin in correct positioning
I band
Isotropic = light
Only actin filaments
A band
Anisotropic = dark
All areas in which myosin filaments are
H band
Only myosin filaments
No actin
Terminal cisternae
Stores calcium ions
Strength training leads to
An increase in sarcomere content of muscles
Location of transverse tubules
Adjacent to terminal cisternae
Function of transverse tubules
Transmits signals from sarcolemma to terminal cisternae
Neurotransmitter used at neuromuscular junctions
Acetylcholine
Calcium binds to _________ to activate muscle contraction
Troponin
Parallel muscle
Biceps brachii
Convergent muscle
Pectoralis major
Unipennate muscle
Brachioradialis
Bipennate muscle
Rectus femoris
Multipennate muscle
Deltoid
Circular muscle
Orbicularis oris
Longer muscle fibres lead to…
Greater range of movement
Tissue type in retinacula
Connective
Functions of retinacula
Holds tendons in correct position
Holds tendons close to bone
Increased cross-sectional area of muscle ->
Increased force production
Increased stability of joint ->
Decreased range of movement
Synovial membrane tissue
Epithelial
Removal of patella ->
Different angle of patellar ligament -> decreased effectiveness of thigh muscles
Structural classification of joints
Gliding Hinge Ellipsoid = condylar Pivot Saddle Ball + socket
Skull joints
Synarthrosis
Contraction of right sternocleidomastoid muscle ->
Left rotation of head
Contralateral movement
How many cervical vertebrae?
7
How many thoracic vertebrae?
12
How many lumbar vertebrae?
5
How many sacral vertebrae?
5
Sacrum is a fusion of…
5 sacral vertebrae
Atlanto-occipital joint is between
C1 (Atlas) + C2 (Axis)
Atlas has no…
Vertebral body
Extra bit on axis =
Dens
Protrusion from axis to atlas =
Dens
Function of dens
Connects atlas + axis to form atlanto-occipital joint
Atlas supports the
Occipital condyles of skull
Supraspinous ligament connects…
All spinous processes of vertebrae
Supraspinous ligament location
C7-sacrum
Supraspinous ligament becomes the…
Ligamentum nuchae
Ligamentum nuchae location
C7-skull
Increased size of intervertebral discs ->
Increased range of movement
Nucleus pulposus =
Centre of intervertebral disc
Fibrocartilage
Anulus fibrosus
Outer of intervertebral disc
Dense connective tissue
External intercostal muscles activated for…
Inhalation
Internal intercostal muscles activated for…
Exhalation
Direction of external intercostal muscles
Up + out
Direction of internal intercostal muscles
Down + in
Direction of external oblique contraction
Contralateral - down + in
Direction of internal oblique contraction
Ipsilateral
Contraction of subclavius muscle ->
Ribs move up -> inhalation
Contraction of sternocleidomastoid muscles ->
Ribs move up -> inhalation
What joint connects upper limb to the axial skeleton?
Sternoclavicular
Three joints in the shoulder region
Glenohumeral
Sternoclavicular
Acromioclavicular
Function of acromioclavicular joint
Prevents upward movement of humerus
Classification of acromioclavicular joint
Planar
Bursae in the glenohumeral joint
Subcoracoid
Subscapular
Subacromial
Carpal bones joint classification
Planar
Which pectoralis moves the arm?
Major
Attachments of pectoralis minor
Coracoid process + ribs
Which rhomboid muscle is superior?
Minor
Rotator cuff muscles
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Teres minor
Radioulnar joint classifications
Pivot
Elbow joint =
Humeroulnar
Elbow joint classification
Hinge
Membrane between radius + ulna =
Antebrachial interosseous membrane
Hand shake muscle =
Brachioradialis
Collateral ligaments on elbow
Radial = lateral Ulnar = medial
Annular ligament location
Holds radius to humerus -> increased stability of elbow
Pronator teres location
Near elbow
Attaches to medial side of radius
Pronator quadratus location
Near wrist
Supinator location
Near elbow
Attaches to lateral side of radius
Flexors of hands + fingers on the _______ side of the forearm
Anterior
Medial extensors + flexors of wrist + fingers contract ->
Adduction of hand
Biceps brachii is most effective when…
Forearm is supinated
Antagonist of biceps brachii
Pronator teres + pronator quadratus
Radiocarpal joint =
Scaphoid, lunate + radius
Forearm bone most effective at wrist
Radius
Radiocarpal joint classification
Condylar
Scaphoid =
Biggest carpal bone touching radius
Lunate =
Middle carpal bone
Metacarpal bones form the…
Palm of the hand
Metacarpophalangeal joint locations
Knuckles at end of hand
Metacarpophalangeal joint classification
2-5 = ellipsoid 1 = saddle
Interphalangeal joint locations
Middle + end of fingers
Interphalangeal joint classification
Hinge
Carpometacarpal joint location
Palm of hand to wrist
Carpal bones + metacarpal bones
Carpometacarpal joint classification
2-5 = plane 1 = saddle
Extensors of hand + wrist are on the ________ side of the forearm
Posterior
Thenar muscles act on the…
Thumb
Hypothenar muscles act on the…
Smallest finger
How many layers of muscles in the hand?
4
Ligaments stabilising the sacroiliac joint
Sacroiliac
Sacrospinous
Sacrotuberous
Pubic symphysis joint classification
Amphiarthrosis
Cartilage in pubic symphysis
Fibrocartilage
Three bones in hip bone =
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Function of acetabular labrum
Deepen socket of acetabulum
Ligament connecting femoral head + acetabulum
Ligamentum capitis femoris
Iliopsoas muscle =
Psoas major + iliacus
Gluteal muscles =
Gluteus medius
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus minimus
Adductors of the thigh
Pectineus Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor magnus Gracilis
Hamstrings
Biceps femoris - lateral
Semintendinosus - medial
Semimembranosus - middle
Quadriceps
Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Vastus medialis Tensor vastus intermedius
Function of the tensor vastus intermedius
Positions vastus lateralis -> increased effectiveness
Female pubic angle
> 100
Male pubic angle
<90
Only quadricep affecting hip
Rectus femoris
Primary movement of quadriceps =
Extension of leg at knee
Type of cartilage in menisci
Fibrocartilage
Collateral ligaments in the knee are tighest when…
Knee is fully extended
Anterior cruciate ligament is tightest when…
Knee is fully extended
Posterior cruciate ligament is tightest when…
Knee is fully flexed
Popliteus muscle rotates:
Tibia medially
Femur laterally
Popliteal ligament location
Posterior
Patellar ligament location
Anterior
Soleus muscle is ___________ to the gastrocnemius
Deep
Tibiofibular joint classification
Gliding
Calcaneus bone location
Dorsal side of foot at heal
Talocrural joint =
Lower leg + talus
Talocrural joint classification
Specialised hinge
Plantar flexion
Pointing toes
Dorsiflexion
Toes towards sky
Neuroglial cells in the PNS
Satellite cells
Schwann cells
Function of satellite cells
Regulate exchange of material with neuron + environment
Function of Schwann cells
Myelin sheath on PNS
Neuroglial cells in the CNS
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
Function of astrocytes
Blood-brain barrier
Regulate ion, nutrient + gas transport to neurons
Function of microglia
Remove cell waste + debris from CNS by phagocytosis
Function of ependymal cells
Line brain ventricles + central canal
Produce + circulate CSF
Function of oligodendrocytes
Myelinate CNS neurons
Direction of nervous impulse travel through a cell
Dendrite -> terminal boutons
Pericardial cavity is filled with…
Serous fluid
Pericardial cavity separates the…
Pericardium + heart
Function of serous fluid in the pericardial cavity
Lubricant between pericardium + myocardium
Function of intercalated discs in myocardium
Increase speed of impulse transmission
Function of chordae tendineae
Hold heart valves in place to prevent inversion
Chordae tendineae attach to…
Papillary muscles
AV valves are closed during…
Systole
Valves open during systole
Semilunar valves - pulmonary + aortic
Cartilaginous heart valves
Pulmonary + aortic
Rate of SA node
120bpm
Rate of AV node
60bpm
Parasympathetic innervation of the heart comes from the…
Vagus nerve
Cardiac veins feed into the…
Coronary sinus
Coronary sinus feeds into the…
Right atrium
Left coronary artery becomes the…
Anterior interventricular artery
Right coronary artery becomes the…
Posterior interventricular artery
Coronary artery bypass grafting uses the ____________ vein
Saphenous
Epithelium of the respiratory tract
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Precapillary sphincters contract ->
Blood directed elsewhere
Which primary bronchi has a larger diameter?
Right
Type 1 alveolar cells
Gas exchange
Type 2 alveolar cells
Surfactant-producing
Function of surfactant
Reduce surface tension of alveoli -> prevent collapse
Parietal pleural membrane covers…
Inner surface of the thorax
Visceral pleural membrane covers…
Outer surface of the lungs
Space between pleural membranes =
Pleural cavity
Nerve controlling the diaphragm =
Phrenic nerve
Respiratory control centre is in the…
Pons + medulla
Pressure in pleural cavity is…
Subatmospheric
Infundibulum connects the…
Hypothalamus + posterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary is also called the…
Neurohypophysis
Anterior pituitary is also called the…
Adenohypophysis
Portal system connecting the hypothalamus + anterior pituitary
Hypophyseal portal system
TRH
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
TRH produced in the…
Hypothalamus
TRH goes to…
Anterior pituitary
TSH
Thyroid stimulating hormone
TSH produced in the…
Anterior pituitary
TSH goes to…
Thyroid gland
TSH stimulated by
TRH
TSH stimulates…
Production of T3 + T4 in the thyroid gland
T3 + T4 produced ->
Metabolic rate increase
Cells producing calcitonin
Parafollicular cells in thyroid
Effect of calcitonin
Reduces calcium in the blood
Effectors of calcitonin
Bone
Intestine
Kidneys
Follicular cells in the thyroids produce…
T3 + T4
T3 + T4 produced in the…
Follicular cells of the thyroid gland
Hormone having the opposite effect to calcitonin =
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Effect of PTH
Increase calcium in the blood
Effectors of PTH
Bone
Intestine
Kidneys
Chief cells in the parathyroid gland produce…
PTH
Cells producing PTH
Chief cells in the parathyroid gland
Zones in the cortex of the adrenal glands
Zona reticularlis - innermost
Zona fasciculata
Zona glomerulosa - outermost
Zona reticularis is stimulated by…
Pituitary hormones
Zona reticularis produces…
Androgens
Zona fasciculata is stimulated by…
Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) = pituitary hormone
Zona fasciculata produces…
Glucocorticoids -> manage glucose levels
Zona glomerulosa is stimulated by…
Vascular pressure changes
Zona glomerulosa produces…
Mineralcorticoids - aldosterone
Controls minerals in blood -> affects blood pressure
Exocrine cells in pancreas =
Acini cells
D cells in Islet of Langerhands produce…
Somatostatin
Effect of somatostatin =
Inhibits growth hormones
Effect of prostaglandins
Inflammation of uterine wall -> increased adherence for egg
Contents of prostatic fluid
Weak acids + antibiotics -> removes urine + bacteria in female reproductive tract
Spermatogenesis is controlled by
FSH + LH
FSH + LH produced in the…
Pituitary
Interstitial cells are stimulated by…
LH
Interstitial cells produce
Testosterone
Function of sustenacular cells
Support spermatogenesis
Sustenacular cells are stimulated by…
FSH + testosterone
Spermatozoa enter the ______ after the seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Site of spermatogeneis
Seminiferous tubules
Function of epididymis
Maturation of sperm + development of tails - 2-3 months
Epididymis release sperm into the…
Ductus deferens
Ductus deferens go into the…
Abdominal cavity via the inguinal canal
Oocyte is surrounded by the ________________ when released from the ovaries
Corona radiata
Function of the corona radiata
Protection of the oocyte
Entrance to the uterine tubes
Ampulla
Fimbriae
Projections from uterine tubes
Oocyte enters the ______ when it first leaves the ovaires
Fimbriae
Order of oocyte journey from ovary to uterus
Ovary -> fimbriaee -> infundibulum -> uterine tubes -> uterus
Sperm deactivates the…
Corona radiata
Epithelium of the female reproductive tract =
Simple columnar
LH effect
Oocyte release
Myometrium =
Smooth muscle around uterus
Progesterone effect
Uterus preparation for egg implantation
Goblet cells in the endometrium produce…
Mucus rich in sugars -> nourishment
Smooth muscle in the GI tract controlled by the _____ nerve
Vagus
Large intestine absorbs…
Water + electrolytes
What closes the nasal cavity when swallowing?
Soft palate moves upwards
Sphincter between stomach + small intestine
Pyloric
Layers of the GI tract
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa
Lacteal
Lymph vessels in villi
Function of lacteals
Absorbs fats + large proteins
Estrogen increase ->
Proliferation + follicle development
Progestin + estrogen increase ->
Endometrium thickness increases
Peyer’s patches
Aggregated lymph nodules in the ileum
Sections of the small intestine
Duodenum
Jejenum
Ileum
Absorptive cells in the small intestine =
Enterocytes
Ligament dividing the left + right lobes of the liver
Falciform ligament
Function of the gall bladder
Store bile
Function of bile
Emulsify fats + neutralise stomach acid
Enzymes produced by pancreas
Amylase
Trypsin
Lipase
Cells in pancreas involved in digestion
Acini
Valve separating the small + large intestines
Ileocecal valve
Epithelium in large intestine
Simple columnar
Taenia coli
Longitudinal muscle all along large intestine
Smooth muscle causing movements in large intestine
Taenia coli
Epithelium of rectum + anus
Stratified squamous
Kidney functions
Maintain fluid balance, volume + pressure of blood
Urine production
Cortex of kidney
Outer + pale
Medulla of kidney
Innter + dark
Hormone produced by the kidneys
Erythropoeitin (EPO)
Function of EPO
Increase red blood cell production
Arteries surrounding the glomerulus
Peritubular
Lupus
Autoimmune disease -> renal failure
Glomerulosclerosis
Scarring of glomerulus -> ineffective filtrate production
Descending limb of loop of Henle is permeable to…
Water
Ascending limb of loop of Henle is permeable to…
Sodium + other salts
Urolithiasis
Kidney stones
Layers of meninges of the brain
Dura
Arachnoid
Pia
Layers of the dura
Endosteal = outer Meningeal = inner
Arachnoid layer =
Granulations + subarachnoid space
Innermost lyaer of brain meninges
Pia
Location of dural sinuses
Between endosteal + meningeal layer of dura
Midline of skull
CSF moves through the _______ to enter the blood stream
Subarachoid granulations
Connection of lateral ventricles to third ventricle
Interventricular foramen
Connection of third ventricle to fourth
Aqueduct of the brain
Function of choroid plexus
Produce CSF
Cells lining choroid plexus
Ependymal cells
Function of CSF
Enables brain to ‘float’
Collects waste products from brain + delivers to circulatory system
Function of dural sinuses
Drain CSF from the brain and empty into the circulatory system
EMG function
Measure of electrical activity in muscles
