Last AI lecture

Question 1

Describe Mammary glands.
+ Latin terminology?

Answer 1

Modified sweat glands

glandula mammariae
lobi & lobuli glandulae mammariae
ductus & sinus lactiferi
uber (udder)
sulcus intermammarius (intermammary groove)
papilla mammae (teat)
ductus & ostrium papillaris

Histologically similar structure in different species even though they vary in shape, number, size, anatomical structure otherwise.

Question 2

Mammary gland consists of a species specific…

Answer 2

number of mammary complexes.

Mammary complexes are paired and bilaterally symmetrical. Divided by intermammary groove.

e.g. Each cow udder-quarter consists of 1 mammary gland complex with one orifice each. Goats and sheep also have 1 orifice per teat, 2 mammary complexes per udder-half.

Each horse udder-half consists of two mammary complexes and each teat has 2 orifices.

Question 3

Each mammary complex consists of

Answer 3

one or several mammary units comprising a body & teat (corpus mammae & papilla mammae).

Question 4

Sows number of duct systems + orifices per teat?

Answer 4

at least 2-3

Sows have at least 14ish teats

Question 5

Dogs number of duct systems + orifices per teat?

Answer 5

Many

8-12, and as many mammary complexes/teats (can vary, 8-10 usually)

(in cats 4-8 orifices per teat, 8 teats)

Question 6

How much milk do cows produce in a day?
Per lactation?

Answer 6

30-100L
9000-15000 (even 22000) kg

(in an avg. lifetime, approx.100 000 kg is impressive)

Question 7

mammary gland connective tissue can also be called

Answer 7

stroma

Question 8

After the lactation period, what happens to the udder?

Answer 8

glandular involution

Question 9

How much can a cow udder weigh?

Answer 9

an empty but large udder approx. 50-60 kg

fore teats are usually longer than hind but hind quarters typically produce more milk than fore quarters.

Question 10

Where is milk produced?

Answer 10

in mammary parenchyma, mammary alveoli

Question 11

What is the anular ring in teats?

Answer 11

The gland cistern and teat cistern are separated by the annular fold (/ring).

4 in the image

Also known as Furstenberg’s rosette.

Question 12

Suspensory apparatus of the mamm.gland composed of?

Answer 12

medial fascial sheets (laminae mediales)
+ lateral (laterales)

+ thin suspensory lamellae (lamellae suspensoriae)

Question 13

Blood supply of the udder.

Answer 13

Question 14

What is a teat knife?

Answer 14

Used To Enlarge The Teat Canal Or To Remove The Growth Inside The Canal

also used for teat lacerations.

Question 15

what would you term hyperechogenic and anechogenic in this image?

Answer 15

hyperechogenic are the white areas in ultrasound

anechogenic are the black areas