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P&P Fall 2019 > Laser Safety > Flashcards

Laser Safety Flashcards

1
Q

LASER

A 
Light
Amplification of the 
Stimulated 
Emission of 
Radiation
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2
Q

Risk of Laser

A

fire

*esp to pt airway + eye damage (staff/pt)

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3
Q

regulates manufacturing/marketing of lasers

A

US FDA

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4
Q

most commonly used laser standard addressing medical laser safety

A

American National Standards Institute

*compliance is voluntary

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5
Q

What does ANSI require?

A

Laser Safety Officer (LSO) at institutions that use Class IIIB + IV lasers

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6
Q

minimal distance in which laser beams can have effects

A

Nominal hazard zone

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7
Q

maximal laser energy that can be absorbed w/o harm

A

maximum permissible exposure

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8
Q

Identified hazards + developed safety standards

A

OSHA

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9
Q

3 features of laser light

A
  1. coherence
  2. collimation
  3. monochromacity
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10
Q

electrons in medium in unstable position – collapse to lower, more stable energy position

A

spontaneous emission

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11
Q

adjacent molecules/atoms absorb released energy, atoms in higher energy phase release energy

A

stimulated emission

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12
Q

laser is produced by

A

two packets of energy (incident + excitation) combine = amplification

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13
Q

energy and wavelength of laser is determined by

A

medium used

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14
Q

lasers exert their effects by

A

focusing large amount of energy on a discrete area

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15
Q

thermal effects of lasers are a result of

A

burns secondary to energy absorption

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16
Q

photochemical effects of lasers are a result of

A

specific molecules/radiant energy

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17
Q

mechanic effects of lasers are a result of

A

tissue disruption to photoacoustic shock waves

18
Q

toxic release of lasers are a result of

A

toxic gases, carcinogens, and viable microorganisms within laser plume

19
Q

lasers readily absorbed by H2O, effect most body tissues/pigments

A

long wavelength lasers

20
Q

lasers strongly absorbed by Hgb, pass thru clear substances easily

A

short wavelength lasers

21
Q

CO2 laser

A

WL 10,600 nm
absorbed by all tissue w/ H20
Clear glasses reqd

22
Q

Nd: YAG laser

A

WL 1064 nm
Neodynium-doped-yttrium-aluminum-garnet
(active medium - crystal + y/a/g w/ neody ions)

23
Q

KTP laser

A 
WL 532 nm
potassium-titanyl-phosphate (Nd:YAG laser thru KTP crystal to shorten WL)
visible emerald green color 
precise focus, good coag
penetrates to depth: 0.5-2mm
used for airway, NS, GYN
Photoblation + photocoag
24
Q

Argon Laser

A 
WL 488-515 nm
Ionized argon (medium) beam is green/blue visible light spectrum
Shallow tissue penetration 
good for eye (esp retina/derm/plastic)
photocoag
25
Q

Helium laser

A

visible red light incorporated into other lasers to function as aiming beam
can be used for acupuncture

26
Q

most common laser injury

A

perf of organ/vessel

27
Q

most vulnerable injury

A

eye injury (result from reflected beams)

28
Q

eye injury types

A

photokeratitis
photochemical cataracts
thermal retinal injuries
corneal burns

29
Q

damage to retina

A

WL 400-1400 nm

argon, Nd: YAG

30
Q

damage to cornea

A

WL > 1400 nm

31
Q

extent of eye injury determined by

A 
WL
pupil size
degree of pigmentation
size of retinal image
pulse duration
pule rep rate
32
Q

type of eye protection used

A

depends on laser used

33
Q

Colored glasses required for

A

short wl

34
Q

clear glasses required for

A

long wl (CO2)

35
Q

do not use what d/t risk of fire?

A

petroleum based lubricant

36
Q

if virus suspected

A

filtration masks should be worn

37
Q

laser plume

A

vaporization of tissue produces a plume of smoke/fine particles

38
Q

Required for laser plume particles

A

Special high efficiency masks

39
Q

Ordinary surgical masks can filter

A

3 microm

*laser plume = 0.31 microm

40
Q

Coherence

A

All waves are in phase, both in time and in space.

41
Q

Collimation

A

The waves travel in parallel directions.

42
Q

Monochromaticity

A

All waves have the same wavelength.

P&P Fall 2019 (17 decks)

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