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P&P Fall 2019 > Gas Laws > Flashcards

Gas Laws Flashcards

1
Q

Lipophilic drugs are ionized or nonionized?

A

Nonionized

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2
Q

Hydrophilic drugs are ionized or nonionized?

A

Ionized

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3
Q

Gases: molecules are _______, ____ amount of disorder

A

molecules not in contact

high disorder

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4
Q

Lighter gases diffuse more or less rapidly than heavy ones?

A

Diffuse more rapidly

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5
Q

Diffusion is the process of _____

A

in which gases move from an area of high concentration to low concentration

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6
Q

______ occurs when the partial pressures of the gas are the same throughout the body

A

equilibration

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7
Q

What is required in order for diffusion of a gas from the alveoli to the blood to occur?

A

a partial pressure difference

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8
Q

Ficks Law of diffusion

A

Diffusion Rate =

P1-P2)(Area)(Solubility) / (membrane thickness)(Square root of MW

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9
Q

Clinical applications of Ficks law

A
  • concentration effect
  • second gas effect
  • diffusion hypoxia
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10
Q

Concentration effect

A

“overpressurizing” - initially a higher concentration of volatile than necessary (loading dose) delivered to speed initial uptake

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11
Q

Second Gas Effect

A

simultaneous administration of slow agent (volatile) and faster agent (N2O) speeds onset of slower volatile

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12
Q

Diffusion Hypoxia

A

during emergence when high concentrations of rapid anesthetic (N2O) are given, agent exits quickly thru lungs and replaced by less soluble nitrogen in air – pt may desat d/t transient dilution of O2 & CO2

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13
Q

Grahams Law

A

rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the MW –> the heavier the molecule, the slower the diffusion
R=1/sq root MW

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14
Q

pressure =

A

force per unit area

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15
Q

How do gases create pressure?

A

force exerted by molecules when they collide w/in certain area of closed container

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16
Q

1mmHg = _______ cmH20

A

1.36 cm H20

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17
Q

1 atm = _____ mmHg

A

760 mmHg

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18
Q

1 atm = _______ psi

A

14.7psi

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19
Q

1 psi = ______ mmHg

A

54 mmHg

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20
Q

What is atmospheric pressure at sea level?

A

760mmHg or 1034 cm H2O

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21
Q

% concentration =

A

Grams per 100 mL

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22
Q

1:1000 =

A

1 gram in 1000mL

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23
Q

1:1000 = how many mcg/mL?

A

1mg/mL or 1,000mcg/mL

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24
Q

1kg = ______N

A

10 Newtons

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25
10 Newton = _____ lbs
2.25lbs
26
Cricoid pressure is how much?
44 N or 10 lbs
27
Critical Temperature
gases liquefy if sufficient pressure is applied & temperature is below a critical temperature --> a gas cannot be liquefied if it is not below temp, no matter the pressure applied
28
Critical Temperature of N20
36. 5C | - -> therefore can be compressed & stored as liquid at room temp
29
Critical Temperature of O2
119C
30
Capacity of full E cylinder
625-700L
31
Pressure of full E cylinder
1800-2200 psi
32
Medical gas system - oxygen - stored via pipeline with what pressure?
2000 +/- 5 psi
33
How to calculate time to empty full Ecylinder?
Volume/Flow=Time
34
If the flow of O2 from an Ecylinder is 5L/min, how long will it take to empty a full cylinder?
625/5= 125 minutes
35
Full cylinder of N20 contains ______L at ____ psi
1590L | 725-750 psi
36
How is nitrous oxide stored?
Liquefied
37
Joule-Thompson Effect
As gas escapes from N20 cylinder, liquid N20 vaporizes, heat is lost, temp of cylinder falls
38
N20: as the cylinder temp _____, the pressure of the gas in the cylinder ______
decreases, decreases
39
Latent heat of melting
converts solid to liquid
40
latent heat of vaporization
converts liquid to a gas
41
latent heat of condensation
converts gas to liquid
42
latent heat of crystallization
converts liquid to a solid
43
Occurs at constant temperature from vapor molecules bombarding the walls of the container
Saturated Vapor Pressure
44
volatile anesthetic agents are liquids that have ____
an inherent tendency to change to a vapor at standard temperature and pressure
45
______ the volatility of an agent, ______ the tendency to enter the vapor phase
Higher; stronger
46
Increased volatility = _____
higher vapor pressure
47
Desflurane Vapor Pressure
669 mmHg
48
Isoflurane Vapor Pressure
230 mmHg
49
Sevoflurane Vapor Pressure
170 mmHg
50
Enflurane Vapor Pressure
175 mmHg
51
Halothane Vapor Pressure
243 mmHg
52
Vapor pressure, independent of atmospheric pressure, is a function of _____
temperature
53
Heat will ______ vapor pressure
increase
54
Cooling wil ______ vapor pressure
decrease
55
Absolute humidity
mass of water vapor in a given volume of air
56
Relative humidity
(actual vapor pressure/saturated vapor pressure) X 100
57
Partial pressure of saturated water vapor at 37C
47mmHg
58
Bourdon Gauges measures ______
The pressure relative to atmospheric pressure (measures the cylinder pressure)
59
When bourdon gauge = 0
pressure in cylinder is same as atmospheric
60
Law of LaPlace
As radius increases, tension (force) of wall of structure increases
61
The ______ the radius in a chamber or vessel, the ______ the tension in the walls of the chambers or vessels
greater; greater
62
Clinical application of Law of LaPlace
- Aortic aneurysm is more likely to rupture d/t larger radius - Heart: greater filling in ventricle, greater tension in ventricle wall - Veins > capillary tension
63
Law of LaPlace Equation
T = DeltaP x R | Wall tension = pressure of liquid w/in cylinder x radius
64
Law of LaPlace Equation for Spheres
T=(Pr)/2
65
Clinical application for Law of LaPlace - Spheres
Alveoli
66
Normal Alveoli - pressure and tension
P1=P2 because T1 < T2
67
ARDs or surfactant deficient alveoli - pressure and tension
P1 > P2 because T1=T2
68
Poiseulle's Law
describes laminar (streamlined) flow
69
Poiseulle's Law Equation
F (volume flow rate) is directly proportional to the 4th power of the radius
70
Poiseulle's Law is affected by
``` Length of tube (inversely) Viscosity (inversely) change in pressure (directly) radius (directly) ...these all effect the volume flow rate ```
71
Poiseulles Law - clinical application related to pressure
raising the IV pole -- increases hydrostatic pressure and increases flow
72
Poiseulles Law - clinical application related to viscosity
polycythemic patients have high blood viscosity, flow through blood vessels is reduced
73
Reynold's number
predicts when flow thru cylindrical tube changes from laminar to turbulent
74
Reynold's number > 1500-2000
flow changes from laminar to turbulent
75
When flow is turbulent, ______ determines flow
density
76
When flow is laminar, ______ determines flow
viscosity
77
Bernoulli's Principle
Venturi Effect - when fluid flows thru a constricted region of tube, the velocity of flow increases and the lateral pressures decreases
78
Henry's Law determines what
permits calculation of dissolved O2 and dissolved CO2; the amount of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in the gas phase
79
How much does dissolved O2 increase in the blood when PaO2 increases from 100mmHg to 500 mmHg
100 mmHg x 0.003 = 0.3 mL O2/100mL blood 500 mmHg x 0.003 = 1.5 mL O2/100mL blood SO Dissolved O2 increased 1.2mL O2/100mL blood
80
Henry's Law - if given inspired O2, estimate PaO2 how?
multiply inspired concentration by 5
81
Henry's Law - if given inspired O2, estimate PaO2 how? | i.e. how much O2 is dissolved if FiO2 is 40%?
200mmHg
82
Amount of Co2 that dissolved in blood
0.06 mL/100mL blood/mmHg
83
Amount of O2 that dissolved in blood
0.03 mL/100mL blood/mmHg
84
Boyles Law
P1V1=P2V2
85
Boyles Law - Clinical application
Ambu Bag squeezed - raises pressure and decreases volume
86
Charles Law
V1/T1=V2/T2
87
Charles Law Clinical application
helium balloon outside on cold day will deflate, bring it inside to warmth & it will inflate again
88
Charles Law - how to calculate: | at 15dC a gas occupies a volume of 273 mL. At 30dC, what volume will that gas occupy?
273mL/15dC=XmL/30dC | 546mL
89
Gay Lussac's Gas Law
P1/T1=P2/T2
90
Joule Thompson Effect
When the gas escapes the cylinder, liquid continues to vaporize into the space above, exerts same pressure onto walls until liquid disappears. Vaporization requires heat and the liquid cools
91
ideal gas law
PV=nRT | avogadros
92
Daltons Law
total pressure in mix of gases is equal to the sum of pressures in individual gases (each gas exerts a partial pressure)
93
how to calculate partial pressure of gas
Percent concentration*Atmospheric pressure
94
How to estimate PAO2 (alveolar)
Percent inspired O2*6
95
V/Q mismatch
If PA02-PaO2 = not FiO2

P&P Fall 2019 (17 decks)

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