Laser

Question 1

What does LASER stand for?

Answer 1

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Question 2

What are advantages of Laser?

Answer 2

Lack of hemorrhage, prompt healing, minimal post-op discomfort, less surgical time
Pick et al. 1985

Question 3

Who developed the Nd:YAG laser for dentistry?

Answer 3

Myers & Myers 1985

Question 4

What can Laser be used on?

Answer 4

Caries (Stern & Sognnaes 1965)

Phenytoin Hyperplasia (Pick 1985)

Question 5

What are FDA marketed things that are good about Nd:YAG?

Answer 5

New Tech

Fewer shots

Less anesthesia

Reduced anxiety

Question 6

What are the 4 types of interaction with tissues?

Answer 6

Aoki et al. 2004

Scattering

Transmission

Absorbtion

Reflection

Question 7

Define Scattering

Answer 7

Energy is weakened and produces no effect on tissue

Question 8

Define Transmission

Answer 8

Energy goes through the tissue, with no effect on it based on wavelength of laser

Question 9

Define Absorbtion

Answer 9

Energy is absorbed by the tissue based on tissue characteristic and wavelength and emission of laser

Question 10

Define Reflection

Answer 10

Energy is redirected off of the tissue, with no effect on it based on the distance from the laser to the tissue

Question 11

What lasers are used for soft tissue?

Answer 11

Argon, CO2, Nd:YAG, Diode

Question 12

What tissues are used for hard tissues?

Answer 12

Er:YAG, Er,Cr:YSSG

Question 13

What is the photodynamic theory

Answer 13

insert a photosensitizer (iodine) and emmit laser - it is absorbed by the photosensitizer and

Conclusion on photodynamic is its a short term benefit in perio - not long term (Chamberlin)

Question 14

What is the wavelength of Er:YAG?

Answer 14

2940nm

Question 15

What types of waveforms exist for laser?

Answer 15

Continuous, gate-pulse w/ continuous, free-running pules

Question 16

What delivery systems are used for laser?

Answer 16

Flexible hollow waveguide

glass fiber optic

Question 17

What is the wavelength of Diode lasers?

Answer 17

805-980nm (Slot et al. 2014)

Question 18

What is the wavelength of Er:YAG? What does it coincide with?

Answer 18

2940nm

Absorption peak of water

Question 19

What does Er:YAG stand for?

Answer 19

Erbium - doped yttrium aluminum garnet

Question 20

How does the water absorption of Er:YAG compare with other lasers? What does this mean?

Answer 20

2.5x > than Er/Cr:YSGG

109x > than CO2

15,000x > than Nd:YAG

Means Er:YAG is better for ablation of oral soft tissues and modification of dental hard tissues including bone (Ishikawa et al. 2009)

Question 21

How doe Er:YAG laser compare to SRP as monotherapy?

Answer 21

Eberhard et al. 2003

SRP removed 90% calculus

Er:YAG removed 60% on first time

Second time improved to 80%

Question 22

What have systematic reviews of Er:YAG reported?

Answer 22

Niederman 2011

NSSD in PD, CAL, BOP, GR at 6-12mo

(SRP + Er:YAG vs SRP only)

Question 23

What is the ideal distance/angle to use air-flow?

Answer 23

3-5mm 30-60degrees

Question 24

Diode wavelength

Answer 24

805-980 (Slot et al. 2014)

Question 25

Er:YAG wavelength

Answer 25

2940nm

Absorption peak of water

effectively absorbed by hydroxyl radical of calcium hydroxyapatite

Passanezi et al. 2015

Question 26

What is the wavelength of Nd:YAG

Answer 26

1064nm

minimally absorbed by bone, cementum, dentin, calculus, and enamel - readily by soft tissues - also absorbed by hemoglobin making it effective in coagulation (Aoki 2008)

Question 27

Wavelength of Er,Cr:YSGG

Answer 27

2780

Greater absorption by hydroxyl radical than water molecule (Aoki 2008)

Question 28

What does Nd:YAG stand for?

Answer 28

neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet

Question 29

Does air-polishing help subgingivally compared to SRP?

Answer 29

YES - for sub G biofilm (Flemming et al. 2012)

Question 30

is air-polisher good for removing bacteria off implants?

Answer 30

YES - 100% removal of bacteria (Parham et al. 1989)