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Physical Anthropology > Larsen 5 > Flashcards

Larsen 5 Flashcards

0
Q

Aging

A

The process of maturation

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1
Q

Adult stage

A

The third stage of life, involving the reproductive years and senescence.

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2
Q

Allen’s Rule

A

The principle that an animal’s limb lengths are heat-related; limbs are longer in hot environments and shorter in cold environments.

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3
Q

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

The rate at which an organism’s body, while at rest, expends energy to maintain basic bodily functions; measured by the amount of heat given off per kilogram of body weight.

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4
Q

Basal metabolic requirement

A

The minimum amount of energy needed to keep an organism alive.

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5
Q

Bergmann’s rule

A

The principle that an animal’s size is heat-related; smaller bodies are adapted to hot environments, and larger bodies are adapted to cold environments

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6
Q

Bone mass

A

The density of bone per unit of measure

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7
Q

Cline

A

A gradual change in some phenotypic characteristic from one population to the next.

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8
Q

Cognitive abilities

A

Refers to the capacity of the brain to perceive, process, and judge information from the surrounding environment

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9
Q

Deciduous dentition

A

Also known as baby teeth or milk teeth, this is the first set of teeth, which form in utero and erupt shortly after birth

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10
Q

Diaphyses

A

The main midsection, or shaft, portions of long bones; each contains a medullary cavity.

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11
Q

Epiphyses

A

The end portions of long bones; once they fuse to the Diaphyses, the bones stop growing longer.

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12
Q

Functional adaptations

A

Biological changed that occur during an individual’s lifetime, increasing the individual’s fitness in the given environment.

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13
Q

Growth velocity

A

The speed with which an organism grows in size, often measured as the amount of growth per year.

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14
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of the internal environment of an organism within an acceptable range.

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15
Q

Homeothermic

A

Refers to an organism’s ability to maintain a constant body temperature despite great variations in environmental temperature

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16
Q

Hypercholesterolemia

A

The presence of high levels of cholesterol in an organism’s blood; this condition may result from the dietary consumption of foods that promote high cholesterol or through the inheritance of a genetic disorder.

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17
Q

Hypothermia

A

A condition in which an organism’s body temperature falls below the normal range, which may lead to the loss of proper body functions and, eventually, death

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18
Q

Hypoxia

A

Less than usual sea-level amount of oxygen in the air or in the body.

19
Q

Intratrauterine

A

Refers to the area within the uterus

20
Q

Lactation

A

The production and secretion of milk from a female mammal’s mammary glands, providing a food source to the female’s young

21
Q

Life history

A

The timing and details of growth events and development events from conception through senescence and death.

22
Q

Macronutrients

A

Essential chemical nutrients, including fat, carbohydrates, and protein, that a body needs to live and to function normally.

23
Q

Melanin

A

A brown pigment that determines the darkness or lightness of a humans skin color due to its concentration in the skin.

24
Q

Melanocytes

A

Melanin-producing cells located in the skins epidermis

25
Q

Menarche

A

Refers to the onset of menstruation in an adolescent female.

26
Q

Menopause

A

The cessation of the menstrual cycle, signifying the end of a females ability to bear children.

27
Q

Micronutrients

A

Essential substances, such as minerals or vitamins, needed in very small amounts to maintain normal bodily functions.

28
Q

Motor skills

A

Refers to the performance of complex movements and actions that require the control of nerves and muscles

29
Q

Nonmineralized

A

Refers to bone reduced to its organic component

30
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Cells responsible for bone formation

31
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Cells responsible for bone resorption

32
Q

Osteoporosis

A

The loss of bone mass often due to age, causing the bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured.

33
Q

Postnatal stage

A

The second stage of life, beginning with birth, terminating with the shift to the adult stage, and involving substantial increases height, weight, and brain growth and development.

34
Q

Rigidity (bone)

A

Refers to the strength of the bone to resist bending and torsion

35
Q

Secular trend

A

A phenotypic change due to multiple factors. Such an trend can be positive (eg. Increased height) or negative (eg. Decreased height)

36
Q

Senescence

A

Refers to an organism’s biological changes in later adulthood

37
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

A difference in a physical attribute between the males and females of species

38
Q

Skin reflectance

A

Refers to the amount of light reflected from the skin that can be measured and used to assess skin color.

39
Q

Stressors

A

Any factor that can cause stress in an organism, potentially affecting the body’s proper functioning and it’s homeostasis

40
Q

Sun protection factor (SPF)

A

The rating calculated by comparing the length of time needed for protected skin to burn to the length of time needed for unprotected skin to burn.

41
Q

Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE)

A

He number of calories used by an organism’s body during a 24-hour period

42
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

A disease in which the body does not produce sufficient amounts of insulin or the cells do not use available insulin, causing build up of glucose in the cells.

43
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

The decrease in blood vessels diameter due to the action of a nerve or of a drug; it can also occur in response to cold temperatures.

44
Q

Vasodilation

A

The increase in blood vessels diameter due to the action of a nerve of of a drug; it can also occur in response to hot temperatures.

45
Q

Weaning

A

The process of substituting other foods for the milk produced by the mother

46
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

The principle that bone is placed in the direction of functional demand; that is, bone develops where needed and recedes where it is not needed

Physical Anthropology (13 decks)

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