Larsen 5 Flashcards
Aging
The process of maturation
Adult stage
The third stage of life, involving the reproductive years and senescence.
Allen’s Rule
The principle that an animal’s limb lengths are heat-related; limbs are longer in hot environments and shorter in cold environments.
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
The rate at which an organism’s body, while at rest, expends energy to maintain basic bodily functions; measured by the amount of heat given off per kilogram of body weight.
Basal metabolic requirement
The minimum amount of energy needed to keep an organism alive.
Bergmann’s rule
The principle that an animal’s size is heat-related; smaller bodies are adapted to hot environments, and larger bodies are adapted to cold environments
Bone mass
The density of bone per unit of measure
Cline
A gradual change in some phenotypic characteristic from one population to the next.
Cognitive abilities
Refers to the capacity of the brain to perceive, process, and judge information from the surrounding environment
Deciduous dentition
Also known as baby teeth or milk teeth, this is the first set of teeth, which form in utero and erupt shortly after birth
Diaphyses
The main midsection, or shaft, portions of long bones; each contains a medullary cavity.
Epiphyses
The end portions of long bones; once they fuse to the Diaphyses, the bones stop growing longer.
Functional adaptations
Biological changed that occur during an individual’s lifetime, increasing the individual’s fitness in the given environment.
Growth velocity
The speed with which an organism grows in size, often measured as the amount of growth per year.
Homeostasis
The maintenance of the internal environment of an organism within an acceptable range.
Homeothermic
Refers to an organism’s ability to maintain a constant body temperature despite great variations in environmental temperature
Hypercholesterolemia
The presence of high levels of cholesterol in an organism’s blood; this condition may result from the dietary consumption of foods that promote high cholesterol or through the inheritance of a genetic disorder.
Hypothermia
A condition in which an organism’s body temperature falls below the normal range, which may lead to the loss of proper body functions and, eventually, death
Hypoxia
Less than usual sea-level amount of oxygen in the air or in the body.
Intratrauterine
Refers to the area within the uterus
Lactation
The production and secretion of milk from a female mammal’s mammary glands, providing a food source to the female’s young
Life history
The timing and details of growth events and development events from conception through senescence and death.
Macronutrients
Essential chemical nutrients, including fat, carbohydrates, and protein, that a body needs to live and to function normally.
Melanin
A brown pigment that determines the darkness or lightness of a humans skin color due to its concentration in the skin.
Melanocytes
Melanin-producing cells located in the skins epidermis
Menarche
Refers to the onset of menstruation in an adolescent female.
Menopause
The cessation of the menstrual cycle, signifying the end of a females ability to bear children.
Micronutrients
Essential substances, such as minerals or vitamins, needed in very small amounts to maintain normal bodily functions.
Motor skills
Refers to the performance of complex movements and actions that require the control of nerves and muscles
Nonmineralized
Refers to bone reduced to its organic component
Osteoblasts
Cells responsible for bone formation
Osteoclasts
Cells responsible for bone resorption
Osteoporosis
The loss of bone mass often due to age, causing the bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured.
Postnatal stage
The second stage of life, beginning with birth, terminating with the shift to the adult stage, and involving substantial increases height, weight, and brain growth and development.
Rigidity (bone)
Refers to the strength of the bone to resist bending and torsion
Secular trend
A phenotypic change due to multiple factors. Such an trend can be positive (eg. Increased height) or negative (eg. Decreased height)
Senescence
Refers to an organism’s biological changes in later adulthood
Sexual dimorphism
A difference in a physical attribute between the males and females of species
Skin reflectance
Refers to the amount of light reflected from the skin that can be measured and used to assess skin color.
Stressors
Any factor that can cause stress in an organism, potentially affecting the body’s proper functioning and it’s homeostasis
Sun protection factor (SPF)
The rating calculated by comparing the length of time needed for protected skin to burn to the length of time needed for unprotected skin to burn.
Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE)
He number of calories used by an organism’s body during a 24-hour period
Type 2 diabetes
A disease in which the body does not produce sufficient amounts of insulin or the cells do not use available insulin, causing build up of glucose in the cells.
Vasoconstriction
The decrease in blood vessels diameter due to the action of a nerve or of a drug; it can also occur in response to cold temperatures.
Vasodilation
The increase in blood vessels diameter due to the action of a nerve of of a drug; it can also occur in response to hot temperatures.
Weaning
The process of substituting other foods for the milk produced by the mother
Wolff’s Law
The principle that bone is placed in the direction of functional demand; that is, bone develops where needed and recedes where it is not needed
