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Physical Anthropology > Larsen 3 > Flashcards

Larsen 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Organisms with internal compartments separated by membranes, enclosed two major parts of cells.

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1
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Organisms having cells with no internal compartments; ie, single-cell bacteria.

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2
Q

Two major cell parts

A

Nucleus and cytoplasm

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

The largest organelle in a cell. It houses one copy of nearly all genetic material, or Dna, of that organism. It is covered by a nuclear membrane, or nuclear envelope, which keeps the contents of the nucleus separate from the rest of the cell.

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4
Q

Cell membrane

A

A semipermeable membrane surrounding the entire cell. Separating one cell from the next.

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5
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Considered the “powerhouse” of the cell, because it generates the most energy. The number of mitochondria per cell varies by tissue type and by organism.

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6
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The fluid that fills the cell and majntains the cells shape. Organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm, which can also store chemical substances. Some Dna is stored in the cytoplasm.

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7
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Surrounds the nucleus. It plays and important role in protein synthesis.

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8
Q

Cell wall

A

Provides a rigid shape and controls the movement of molecules into and out of the cell.

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9
Q

Flagellum

A

Is a whiplike structure attached to some prokaryotes. Rotated by a motorlike system located in the outer layers of the cell, the flagellum enables locomotion.

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10
Q

Nucleoid region

A

The genetic material of the prokaryotic cell, but unlike the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell it is not contained within a membrane. A prokaryotic cell has about one-thousandth the genetic material of a eukaryotic cell.

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11
Q

Somatic cells

A

Also called body cells, comprise most tissues, such as bone, muscles, skin, brain, lung, fat, and hair.

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12
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells, sperm in males, and ova, otherwise called eggs, for females.

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13
Q

Genetic code

A

DNA

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14
Q

Genome

A

The complete set of genes in an individual cell is called a genome

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15
Q

Homoplasmic

A

Dna is homolasmic, meaning it is the same in each and every cell.

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16
Q

Mitochondria

A

Energy producing (ATP) organelles, located in the cells cytoplasm. They posses their own independent dna.

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17
Q

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

A

A high energy molecule that powers cells and, in turn, powers every tissue in the body.

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18
Q

DNA bases

A

A-adenine
T-thymine
G-guanine
C-cytosine

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19
Q

Nucleotide

A

Every unit of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base forms a single nucleotide.

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20
Q

Complementary bases

A

Guanine and cytosine are complementary

Adenine and thymine.

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21
Q

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs)

A

Variations in the DNA sequence due to the change of a single nitrogen base.

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22
Q

Replication

A

Somatic cells use mitosis
Gametes use meiosis

Starts with one cell, then multiplies into multiple cells until a full body, where cells are still dying and being replaced

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23
Q

Zygote

A

Single celled fertilized egg.

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24
Q

Matriline

A

DNA. Such as mitochondrial DNA, whose inheritance can be traced from mother to daughter or son.

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25
Q

Heteroplasmic

A

Refers to a mixture of more than one type of organellar DNA. Such as mitochondrial DNA, within a cell or a single organisms body. Usually due to the mutation of the DNA in some organelles but not in others

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26
Q

Heterozygous

A

The condition in which a pair of alleles at a single locus on homologous chromosomes are different

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27
Q

Homeotic (HOX) genes

A

Also known as homebox genes, they are responsible for differentiating the specific segments of the body, such as the head, tail, and limbs, during embryological development

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28
Q

Homologous

A

Refers to each set of paired chromosomes in the genome

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29
Q

Homozygous

A

The condition in which a pair of alleles at a single locus on homologous chromosomes are the same

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30
Q

Karyotype

A

The characteristics of the chromosomes for an individual organism or a species, such as number, size, and type.

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31
Q

Law of independent Assortment

A

Mendel’s Second Law, which asserts that the inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance of other traits.

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32
Q

Law of Segregation

A

Mendel’s Firdt Law, which asserts that the two alleles for any given gene (or trait) are inherited, one from each parent; during gamete production, only one of the two alleles will be present in each ovum or sperm.

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33
Q

Linkage

A

Refers to the inheritance, as a unit, of individual genes closely located on a chromosome; an exception to the Law of Independent Assortment

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34
Q

Locus

A

The location of an allele, or gene, on a chromosome

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35
Q

Meiosis

A

The production of gametes through one DNA replication and two cell (and nuclear) divisions, creating four haploid game tic cells.

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36
Q

Messenger RNA

A

The molecules that are responsible for making a chemical copy of a gene needed for a specific protein, that is, for the transcription phase of protein synthesis.

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37
Q

Microsatellites

A

Specific loci in nuclear or organellar DNA that gave repeated units of 1-4 base pairs in length; they can be used in various genetic studies.

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38
Q

Mitochondria

A

Energy-producing (ATP) organelles in eukaryotic cells; they possess their own independent DNA

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39
Q

Mitosis

A

The process of cellular and nuclear division that creates two identical diploid daughter cells.

40
Q

Monosomy

A

The condition in which only one of a specific pair of chromosomes is present in a cell’s nucleus

41
Q

Non-coding DNA

A

Sequences of a gene’s DNA (also known as introns) that are not coded to produce specific proteins and are excised before protein synthesis

42
Q

Nondisjunctions

A

The failure of the chromosomes to properly segregate during meiosis, creating some gametes with abnormal numbers of chromosomes.

43
Q

Nucleotides

A

The building block of DNA and RNA, comprised of a sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen bases.

44
Q

Adenine

A

One of four nitrogen bases that make up DNA and RNA; it pairs with thymine in DNA molecules and uracil in RNA molecules

45
Q

Amino Acids

A

Organic molecules combined in a specific sequence to form a protein.

46
Q

Anti-bodies

A

Molecules that form as part of the primary immune response to the presence of foreign substances; they attach to the foreign antigens.

47
Q

Anticodon

A

Sequences of three nitrogen bases carried by tRNA, they match up with the complementary mRNA codons and each designate a specific amino acid during protein synthesis.

48
Q

Antigens

A

Substances, such as bacteria, foreign blood cells, and enzymes, that stimulate the immune systems antibody production.

49
Q

Autosomes

A

All chromosomes, except the sex chromosomes, that occur in pairs in all somatic cells (not the gametes).

50
Q

Coding DNA

A

Sequences of a gene’s DNA (also known a exons) that are coded to produce a specific protein and are transcribed and translated during protein synthesis.

51
Q

Codominance

A

Refers to two different alleles that are equally dominant; both are fully expressed in a heterozygote’s phenotype.

52
Q

Codons

A

The sequences of three nitrogen bases carried by mRNA that are coded to produce specific amino acids in protein synthesis

53
Q

Cross-over

A

The process by which homologous chromosomes partially wrap around each other and exchange genetic information during meiosis

54
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The jellylike substance inside the cell membrane that surrounds the nucleus and in which organelles are suspended

55
Q

Cytosine

A

One of four nitrogen bases that make up DNA and RNA; it pairs with guanine.

56
Q

Diploid

A

A cell that has a full complement of paired chromosomes

57
Q

Essential amino acids

A

The amino acids that cannot be synthesized in the body; they must be supplied by the diet.

58
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Multicelled organisms that have a membrane-bound nucleus containing both the genetic material and specialized organelles

59
Q

Free-floating nucleotides

A

Nucleotides (the basic building block of DNA and RNA) that are present in the nucleus and are used during DNA replication and mRNA synthesis.

60
Q

Gametes

A

Sexual reproductive cells, ova and sperm, that have a haploid number of chromosomes and that can unite with a gamete of the opposite sex to form a new organism.

61
Q

Genome

A

The complete set of chromosomes for an organism or species that represents all the inheritable traits.

62
Q

Genomics

A

The branch of genetics that studies species genomes

63
Q

Haplogroups

A

A large set of haplotypes, such as the Y-chromosome or mitochondrial DNA, that may be used to define a population.

64
Q

Haploid

A

A cell that has a single set of unpaired chromosomes, half of the genetic material.

65
Q

Haplotypes

A

A group of alleles that tend to be inherited as a unit due to their closely spaced loci on a single chromosome.

66
Q

Heritability

A

The proportion of phenotypic variation that is due to inheritance rather than to environmental influence.

67
Q

Heteroplasmic

A

Refers to a mixture of more than one type of organellar DNA, such as mitochondrial DNA, within a cell or a single organisms body, usually due to the mutation of the DNA in some organelles but not in others.

68
Q

Heterozygous

A

Refers to the condition in which a pair of alleles at a single locus on homologous chromosomes are different

69
Q

Homeotic (HOX) genes

A

Also known as homeobox genes, they are responsible for differentiating the specific segments of the body, such as the head, tail, and limbs, during embryological development.

70
Q

Homologous

A

Refers to each set of paired chromosomes in the genome

71
Q

Homoplasmic

A

Refers to nuclear DNA, which is identical in the nucleus of each cell type (except red blood cells).

72
Q

Paleogenetics

A

The application of genetics to the past, especially in anthropology and paleontology; the study of genetics in past organisms.

73
Q

Patriline

A

DNA whose inheritance can be traced from father to daughter or son, such as the Y chromosome, which passes from father to son.

74
Q

Peptide bond

A

Chemical bond that joins amino acids into a protein chain

75
Q

Polygenic

A

Refers to one phenotypic trait that is affected by two or more genes.

76
Q

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

A technique that amplifies a small sample of DNA into a larger amount that can be used for various genetic tests.

77
Q

Polymorphism

A

Refers to the presence of two or more separate phenotypes for a certain gene in the population

78
Q

Polypeptide

A

Also known as a protein, a chain of amino acids held together by multiple peptide bonds.

79
Q

Recombination

A

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, resulting from a cross-over event.

80
Q

Regulatory genes

A

Those genes that determine when structural genes and other regulatory genes are turned on and off for protein synthesis

81
Q

Regulatory proteins

A

Proteins involved in the expression of control genes

82
Q

Replication

A

The process of copying nuclear DNA prior to cell division, so that each new daughter cell receives a complete complement of DNA

83
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

A single-stranded molecule involved in protein synthesis, consisting of a phosphate, ribose sugar, and one of four nitrogen bases.

84
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

A fundamental structural component of a ribosome.

85
Q

Ribosomes

A

The orgnelles attached to the surface of endoplasmic reticulum, located in the cytoplasm of a cell; they are the site of protein synthesis.

86
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

The pair of chromosomes that determine an organisms biological sex.

87
Q

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs)

A

Variations in the DNA sequence due to the change of a single nitrogen base.

88
Q

Structural genes

A

Genes coded to produce particular products, such as an enzyme or hormone, rather than for regulatory proteins

89
Q

Structural proteins

A

Proteins that form an organisms physical attributes.

90
Q

Thymine

A

One of four nitrogen bases that make up DNA; it pairs with adenine

91
Q

Transcription

A

The first step of protein synthesis, involving the creation of mRNA based on the DNA template.

92
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

The molecules that are responsible for transporting amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis.

93
Q

Translation

A

The second step of protein synthesis, involving the transfer of amino acids by tRNA to the ribosomes, which are then added to the protein chain

94
Q

Translocations

A

Rearrangements of chromosomes due to the insertion of genetic material from one chromosome to another

95
Q

Triplets

A

Sequences of three nitrogen bases each in DNA, known as codons in mRNA.

96
Q

Trisomy

A

Refers to the condition in which an additional chromosome exists with the homologous pair.

97
Q

Uracil

A

One of four nitrogen bases that make up RNA; it pairs with adenine

98
Q

Zygote

A

The cell that results from a sperm’s fertilization of an ovum.

Physical Anthropology (13 decks)

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