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Gross II Unit 3 > Large Intestine > Flashcards

Large Intestine Flashcards

1
Q

How long is the large intestine?

A

1.5 meters

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2
Q

What is longer, the SI or LI?

A

SI

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3
Q

What is wider in diameter, the SI or LI?

A

LI

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4
Q

What extra function is the large intestine a part of?

A

Synthesis of some vitamins that require bacterial action

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5
Q

What is an example of a vitamin synthesized in the large intestine?

A

Vitamin K (important for blood clotting)

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6
Q

What are the four parts of the large intestine?

A

Cecum, appendix, colon, and rectum/anal canal

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7
Q

What is the cecum?

A

Blind pouch found below the ileocecal junction

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8
Q

Where does the cecum lie?

A

Within the right iliac fossa

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9
Q

What are the two flaps that surround the ileal orifice called?

A

Ileal fold

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10
Q

What is the function of the ileal fold?

A

To prevent back flow of feces into the small intestine

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11
Q

The lateral fusion of the ileal fold is called what?

A

Frenula

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12
Q

What is the newly discovered function of the appendix?

A

Immune defense and regulation of bacteria

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13
Q

What is the most common position of the appendix?

A

Retrocecal

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14
Q

What is the second most common position of the appendix?

A

Pelvic

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15
Q

What is a great word to describe the position of the appendix?

A

Variable

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16
Q

What is the appendix?

A

A narrow muscular tube which contains lymphoid tissue that arises from the posteromedial aspect of the cecum

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17
Q

What is appendicitis?

A

Inflammation of the vermiform appendix

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18
Q

What is the most common intra-abdominal inflammatory condition in the world?

A

Appendicitis

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19
Q

Where is pain usually felt with appendicitis?

A

Pain begins as umbilical pain then localizes to the right lower quadrant

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20
Q

What can happen if appendicitis is left untreated?

A

It may rupture, resulting in peritonitis

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21
Q

What causes appendicitis?

A

Obstruction of the lumen due to either lymphoid hyperplasia or fecal impaction

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22
Q

Obstruction of the lumen due to lymphoid hyperplasia resulting in appendicitis most commonly occurs among what population?

A

Children during the growth process

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23
Q

The ascending colon is on what side of the body?

A

Right

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24
Q

The descending colon is on what side of the body?

A

Left

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25
Q

What is the pathway of the ascending colon?

A

From the ileocecal junction to the right colic (hepatic) flexure

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26
Q

What is the pathway of the transverse colon?

A

From the right colic flexure to the left colic (splenic) flexure

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27
Q

What is the pathway of the descending colon?

A

From the left colic flexure to the pelvic brim

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28
Q

What is the pathway of the sigmoid colon?

A

From the pelvic brim to the front of the sacrum, where it becomes the rectum

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29
Q

Are the appendix and cecum intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Intraperitoneal

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30
Q

What parts of the colon are retroperitoneal & therefore immobile?

A

Ascending and descending colon

31
Q

What parts of the colon lie within the peritoneal cavity?

A

Transverse and sigmoid colon

32
Q

What is the mesentery of the transverse and sigmoid colon called?

A

Transverse and sigmoid mesocolon

33
Q

What are the three narrow longitudinal bands of muscle seen most prominently in the cecum and ascending colon?

A

Taeniae coli

34
Q

Where do the taeniae coli end?

A

Meet together to end at the appendix

35
Q

What are the sacculations or outpouchings of the colon called?

A

Haustra of the colon

36
Q

What are the small masses of fat that are covered with visceral peritoneum that extend from the colon?

A

Omental appendices

37
Q

What are the terminal portions of the large intestine?

A

Rectum and anal canal

38
Q

What is diverticulosis?

A

Herniations of the mucosa of the colon through the muscular layer without inflammation

39
Q

Diverticulosis is most common among what age group?

A

Over 40 years of age

40
Q

Where does diverticulosis most commonly occur?

A

Sigmoid colon

41
Q

What is diverticulosis called when inflammation is present?

A

Diverticulitis

42
Q

What results with diverticulitis?

A

Abdominal pain, diarrhea, and sometimes abscess

43
Q

Diverticulitis is related to what type of diet?

A

Low fiber

44
Q

How can diverticulitis possibly be treated?

A

Laser endoscopy

45
Q

How is diverticulitis radiographically characterized?

A

Numerous outpouchings along the colon

46
Q

What is ulcerative colitis?

A

Sever inflammation and ulceration of the rectum and lower colon

47
Q

Ulcerative colitis is usually restrictive to what layer?

A

Mucosa

48
Q

What are symptoms of ulcerative colitis?

A

Abdominal pain and diarrhea

49
Q

What is seen radiographically with ulcerative colitis?

A

Bowel appears constricted

50
Q

What else can occur with ulcerative colitis?

A

Bowel perforation

51
Q

What is irritable bowl syndrome?

A

A common condition involving recurrent abdominal pain and diarrhea with no inflammation or deterioration in health

52
Q

What causes the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome?

A

Abnormal muscular contractions of the colon

53
Q

What is the cause of irritable bowel syndrome?

A

Unknown, but the symptoms are probably brought on by stress and anxiety

54
Q

The superior mesenteric artery supplies what part of the colon?

A

Right 2/3 of the transverse colon

55
Q

What branch of the superior mesenteric artery supplies the pancreas and distal part of the duodenum?

A

Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery

56
Q

What are the 12-15 arteries from the superior mesenteric artery that branch and anastomose within the mesentery to form a series of arcades to supply the jejunum and ileum?

A

Jejunal and ileal arteries

57
Q

What branch of the superior mesenteric artery descends to the ileocecal junction to supply the ascending colon, cecum, and appendix?

A

Ileocolic artery

58
Q

What artery supplies the ascending colon?

A

Right colic artery

59
Q

What artery supplies the transverse colon?

A

Middle colic artery

60
Q

The inferior mesenteric artery supplies what part of the colon?

A

From the left 1/3 of the transverse colon to the upper part of the anal canal

61
Q

What is the term for a complete occlusion of an intestinal vessel?

A

Bowel infarction

62
Q

What is the fatality rate if a bowel infarction is transmural (all the way through the gut)?

A

95%

63
Q

What branch of the inferior mesenteric artery supplies the descending colon?

A

Left colic artery

64
Q

What branch of the inferior mesenteric artery supplies the sigmoid colon?

A

Sigmoid arteries

65
Q

What branch of the inferior mesenteric artery supplies the rectum and upper part of the anal canal?

A

Superior rectal artery

66
Q

What is the terminal branch of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

Superior rectal artery

67
Q

What are the branches of the superior mesenteric artery?

A

Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, jejunal/ileal arteries, ileocolic artery, right colic artery, and middle colic artery

68
Q

What are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

Left colic artery, sigmoid arteries, and superior rectal artery

69
Q

What is the anastomotic channel that runs from the cecum to the sigmoid colon where all the branches of the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries empty?

A

Marginal artery

70
Q

What is the vasa recta of the large intestine?

A

Straight terminal branches from the marginal artery to the large intestine

71
Q

What is the innervation of the cecum through the right 2/3 of the transverse colon?

A

Autonomic fibers from the superior mesenteric plexus

72
Q

What is the innervation of the left 1/3 of the transverse colon to the upper part of the anal canal?

A

Autonomic fibers from inferior mesenteric plexus and hypogastric plexus

73
Q

Diarrhea, constipation, and other colon problems may be related to subluxations of what areas?

A

Lower thoracic, upper lumbar, or sacral regions

74
Q

Chronic constipation is associated with an increased risk of what conditions?

A

Hiatal hernia, inguinal hernia, diverticulosis, and colon cancer

Gross II Unit 3 (8 decks)

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