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Gross II Unit 3 > Gallbladder/Pancreas/Spleen > Flashcards

Gallbladder/Pancreas/Spleen Flashcards

1
Q

What shape is the gallbladder?

A

Pear-shaped

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2
Q

Where is the gallbladder located?

A

In a fossa on the visceral surface of the liver

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3
Q

What drains the gallbladder?

A

Cystic duct

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4
Q

What are the three parts of the gallbladder?

A

Fundus, body, and neck

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5
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Storing bile and concentrating it by absorbing water

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6
Q

When does the gallbladder contract to expel bile into the duodenum?

A

When food arrives into the duodenum

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7
Q

What initiates the contraction of the gallbladder?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

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8
Q

What is the blood supply to the gallbladder?

A

Cystic artery from the right hepatic artery

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9
Q

What is the innervation of the gallbladder?

A

Autonomic and pain fibers from the celiac plexus

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10
Q

What ducts drain the corresponding functional halves of the liver?

A

Right and left hepatic ducts

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11
Q

What duct is formed by the union of the right and left hepatic ducts?

A

Common hepatic duct

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12
Q

What duct is formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct?

A

Bile duct

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13
Q

What is formed by the union of the bile duct and pancreatic duct?

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater)

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14
Q

Where does the hepatopancreatic duct empty into the duodenum?

A

Second part of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla

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15
Q

What action becomes difficult after gallbladder removal?

A

Digestion of fats

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16
Q

What sphincter surrounds the hepatopancreatic ampulla?

A

Sphincter of Ampulla

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17
Q

What sphincter surrounds the inferior terminus of the bile duct?

A

Sphincter of Bile Duct

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18
Q

What sphincter surrounds the terminal part of the pancreatic duct?

A

Sphincter of Pancreatic Duct

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19
Q

What are located within the cystic duct and function to keep it open?

A

Spiral folds (valves)

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20
Q

What is the narrowest part in the biliary passage?

A

Sphincter of Ampulla

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21
Q

What sphincter is known for being particularly weak?

A

Sphincter of Pancreatic Duct

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22
Q

What are gallstones?

A

Hard masses formed by the solidification of bile constituents

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23
Q

What are gallstones mainly composed of?

A

Cholesterol crystals

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24
Q

Where do gallstones most commonly become impacted?

A

Distal end of the hepatopancreatic ampulla (sphincter of ampulla)

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25
Why do most gallstones most commonly become impacted at the distal end of the hepatopancreatic ampulla?
Because it's the most narrow point in the biliary passage
26
What results from a gallstone blockage at the hepatopancreatic ampulla?
Backup of bile through the pancreatic duct and acute pancreatis
27
What are risk factors for gallstones?
Being female, obesity, pregnancy, high fat diet
28
Upper abdominal diseases involving the liver, gallbladder, or stomach may refer pain to what cord location?
Lower thoracic spinal cord segments (T8-T12)
29
A gallbladder attack most commonly causes pain in what quadrant of the abdomen?
Right upper quadrant
30
Where can pain from gallstones or a gallbladder attack be referred?
RIGHT subscapular region of the back (inferior angle)
31
Right subscapular back pain is found in about what percentage of those with gallbladder issues?
30%
32
The pancreas serves what two types of functions?
Exocrine and endocrine
33
What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?
Secretion of digestive enzymes
34
What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?
Secretions of insulin and glucagon
35
What is the uncinate process of the pancreas?
Projection of the head to the left behind the superior mesenteric vessels
36
The pancreas lies within what regions of the abdomen?
Epigastric and left hypochondrium
37
The pancreas lies where in reference to the stomach?
Posterior to the stomach
38
Is the pancreas retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?
Retroperitoneal except the tip of the tail which is in the splenorenal ligament
39
Where does the head of the pancreas lie?
Within the C-shaped concavity of the duodenum
40
What vessels pass posterior to the neck and anterior to the uncinate process of the pancreas?
Superior mesenteric artery and vein
41
What artery runs along the superior surface of the pancreas?
Splenic artery
42
What vein runs along the posterior surface of the pancreas?
Splenic vein
43
What drains the pancreas?
Pancreatic duct and accessory pancreatic duct
44
What duct drains the neck, body, and tail of the pancreas?
Pancreatic duct
45
What duct drains the head and uncinate process of the pancreas?
Accessory pancreatic duct
46
The pancreatic duct joins with what duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla?
Common bile duct
47
Where does the accessory pancreatic duct drain?
Into the minor duodenal papilla located 2cm above the major duodenal papilla
48
What is the blood supply to the pancreas?
Pancreatic branches of the splenic artery, superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
49
The superior pancreaticoduodenal artery is a branch from where?
Gastroduodenal
50
The inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery is a branch from where?
Superior mesenteric
51
What is the innervation of the pancreas?
Autonomic and pain fibers from the celiac plexus
52
How does a rupture of the pancreas typically occur?
When forceful compression of the abdomen occurs like in an auto accident when the person is thrown against the steering column
53
Explain the hammer/nail phenomenon of a ruptured pancreas in a car accident.
Steering column would act as a hammer while the vertebral column acts as a nail.
54
What extra factor in a ruptured pancreas causes a lot of damage to the adjacent tissues?
Release of digestive enzymes into the body cavity
55
Pain from the pancreas is referred to what segments?
Lower thoracic
56
Pain from the head of the pancreas is referred to what aspect of the vertebral column?
Right side
57
Pain from the body and tail of the pancreas is referred to what aspect of the vertebral column?
Left side
58
What is the spleen?
A large lymphatic organ
59
Is the spleen intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?
Intraperitoneal
60
What are the functions of the spleen?
Produces lymphocytes in a newborn, removes worn out red blood cells and other cellular debris from circulation (adult function), stores red blood cells
61
What does the spleen consist of?
Soft, easily injured tissue that is highly vascularized
62
The spleen lies against what structure?
Diaphragm
63
The spleen is found in what region of the abdomen?
Left hypochondrium
64
The spleen lies against which ribs?
9-11
65
The left, convex surface of the spleen that lies against the diaphragm is called what?
Diaphragmatic surface
66
The right, concave surface of the spleen that lies against abdominal viscera is called what?
Visceral surface
67
What part of the visceral surface of the spleen lies against the stomach above the hilum?
Gastric surface
68
What part of the visceral surface of the spleen lies against the left colic flexure?
Colic surface
69
What part of the visceral surface of the spleen lies against the left kidney?
Renal surface
70
Where is the splenic hilum located and what is its function?
Located on the visceral surface and functions to transmit nerves and vessels
71
What ligament attaches the stomach to the spleen?
Gastrosplenic ligament
72
What ligament attaches the spleen to the left kidney?
Splenorenal ligament
73
What is the blood supply to the spleen?
Splenic artery and splenic vein
74
From where does the splenic artery arise?
Celiac trunk
75
From where does the splenic vein arise?
Portal vein
76
What is the innervation of the spleen?
Mainly sympathetic form celiac plexus
77
What is the most frequently injured abdominal organ?
Spleen
78
What area of blows make one particularly vulnerable to a ruptured spleen?
Left hypochondrium region
79
What results from a ruptured spleen?
Severe hemorrhage and hypovolemic shock
80
What is usually the cause of a ruptured spleen?
Trauma
81
In what situations does the spleen become more fragile?
Mononucleosis, malaria, sickle-cell anemia, and septicemia (blood poisoning)
82
What is a chiropractic note on a ruptured spleen?
We must take care in adjusting someone with mononucleosis or another situation where the spleen is more fragile.
83
What takes over the spleen's function when it is removed?
Kupffer cells of the liver begin to phagocytize old red blood cells

Gross II Unit 3 (8 decks)

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