Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Urology > Large Animal > Flashcards

Large Animal Flashcards

1
Q

how to acquire urine on a female ruminant

A

stroke vulva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how to acquire urine from a small ruminant

A

occlude nares

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

things to look for on a CBC of a large animal

A

anemia –> hemolysis or acute blood loss will cause nephropathy

chronic inflammation or infection –> neutrophilia, hyperfibrinogenemia, increased globulins

glomerulonephritis –> hypoalbuminemia, panhypoproteinemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

things to look for on chemistry of a large animal

A
  • creatinine
  • BUN is a waste of time in large animals bc they can get rid of it in other ways
  • azotemia
  • serum electrolytes in AKI will have decreased Ca and increased P
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is unique about the chemistry lab evaluation in horses with CKD?

A

they will have increased Ca and decreased P –> this is the opposite of all other animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how do you evaluate a UA for hematuria?

A

spin the urine. if you get a pellet or RBCs at the bottom, its hematuria. if not - its either hemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria.

though if its myoglobinuria, the color of the urine will be brown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

when evaluating for hemoglobinuria

A

the urine and serum will be discolored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

when evaluating for myoglobinuria

A

the urine will be discolored but the serum will be clear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the levels of isosthenuria and what is it indicative of?

A

1.008 - 1.014

tubular disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what test can you run to evaluate a large animal for tubular disease? and how does it work?

A

fractional clearance.

take urine and serum sample at the same time and test Crt and electrolyte (usually Na).

  • Na clearance helps differentiate from pre-renal and renal azotemia
  • can be altered by fluids, furosemide, and exercise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a way to get rid of the dilutional effect when collecting urine?

A

take the urine GGT/Crt ratio: Uggt / Ucrt x 100%

this way you don’t have to collect the entire sample of urine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is GGT?

A

GGT is a big protein that cannot cross the glomerulus. so if its in the urine, it got there bc it was released by the proximal tubular brush border indicating tubular damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

if you get trace protein on a dipstick from a large animal indicating proteinuria, should you panic?

A

no! because large animals normally have alkaline urine which causes false positives on dipsticks.

to avoid this, look at the pH before looking at trace protein!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

when evaluating sediment of a urine sample in large animals, what do casts indicate? what is important to remember about casts?

A

tubular damage

they dissolve quickly so look at them within 30min!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

if you see crystals in urine sediment evaluation in large animal should you get excited?

A

nope, it just means the urine is supersaturated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

if you see excess WBCs on a urine sediment evaluation in large animal, what does it indicate? what should you do?

A

if you see excess 10/hpf WBC, its an indication of infection or inflammation.

look for bacteria. if you don’t see any, it DOES NOT mean you can rule out a UTI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

once a horse is on fluids, how fast should you see a reduction in azotemia?

A

> 50% within 24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

horses: what is intrinsic renal azotemia?

A

acute kidney injury. its a syndrome in which there is an abrupt decrease in GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

horses: what two things cause AKI? which one is most common?

A

acute tubular necrosis (ATN) and acute glomerulonephritis

ATN is most common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

horses: what things cause ATN? how?

A
  1. ischemia - “vasomotor nephropathy” - not perfusing kidneys
  2. aminoglycoside toxicity - inhibits phospholipase and causes vasoconstriction
  3. NSAIDs - decreases renal blood flow causing medullary crest necrosis because medulla is not well perfused
  4. pigment nephropathy - causes vasoconstriction, casts and heme particles
  5. leptospira - should jump to top of ddx if hx of uveitis, AKI and infertility on farm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

horses: how is lepto diagnosed and treated?

A

dx: urine PCR
tx: amoxicillin, penicillin, ceftiofur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what two drugs are nephrotoxic and may cause aminoglycoside toxicity? what can aminoglycoside toxicity cause?

A

gentamicin > amikacin

aminoglycoside toxicity may cause ATN (acute tubular necrosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what antigen causes acute glomerulonephritis in horses? what does acute glomerulonephritis cause?

A

streptococcus equi (strangles) and EIA

causes ATN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

horses: what are the clincal signs of AKI? what will you see on chemistry? on UA?

A
  • often non-specific like poor appetite and dull

- oliguric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

horses: what clinical sign will tell you its post-renal azotemia

A

if a horse continues to be oliguric 6 - 12 hours after initiation of fluid therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

horses: how do you treat AKI?

A
  • correct fluid volume deficits
  • monitor edema
  • tx for hyperK
  • give diuretics if they still will not urinate after fluids started
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

horses: how do you treat hyperK?

A
  • give fluids without K like 0.9% NaCl, plasmalyte or LRS
  • give 5% dextrose - stimultes endogenous insulin which drives K back into cells
  • give Ca gluconate - restores RMP of cardiac cells
  • Na bicarb - DO NOT give at the same time as Ca gluconate, they will precipitate out
  • insulin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

horses: what diuretics are indicated if you give fluids and they still wont urinate?

A
  1. furosemide (lasix) - loop diuretic
  2. Mannitol - increases GFR but also O2 demand
  3. dopamine - increases GFR but also causes hypertension so its basically never used.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

horses: what is the most common cause of acquired CKD in horses?

A

tubulointerstitial disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are the 3 most important signs of CKD in horses?

A

dental tartar 10:1 = CKD

increased Ca decreased P

31
Q

what are some common signs of CKD in horses?

A

uremia

chronic weight loss

32
Q

horses: what are the most important differences between AKI and CKD in horses?

A

AKI =
BUN: Crt 10:1
HyperCa, HypoP

33
Q

horses: what are common post-renal issues in horses?

A

uroperitoneum and urolithiasis

34
Q

horses: what is uroperitoneum most common in? how is it diagnosed?

A

colts&raquo_space;> fillies

diagnosed via ab tap: if peritoneal Crt > 2x serum = confirms uroperitoneum

35
Q

what lab abnormalities will you have with uroperitoneum?

A

azotemia - BUN and Crt leak from urine back into blood

decreased NaCl

super increased K

36
Q

horses: what are the clinical signs of a cystolith vs a nephrolith or ureterolith?

A

cystolith

37
Q

horses: how are uroliths diagnosed in horses?

A

cystoscopy

38
Q

horses: what does hematuria mean if its
throughout =
beginning =
end =

A 
throughout = kidneys, bladder
beginning = distal urethra
end = proximal urethra
39
Q

what two things can cause renal hematuria/

A
  1. adenocarcinoma

2. idiopathic renal hematuria

40
Q

horses: what is idiopathic renal hematuria? in which breed do we see it the most?

A

sudden onset of life threatening hematuria

> 50% Arabians

41
Q

horses: what is the most common way to get urethra hematuria?

A

summer sores - habronema lesions at the end of the urethra that lead to bleeding

42
Q

horses: when we see urethral tears in geldings, what is it thought to be caused from? how do you treat it?

A

thought that it relates to all the muscle in hindquarters resulting in “blowout” of corpus spongiosum into urethra

tx: by leaving it alone bc it will heal on its own. can also do:
a urethostomy - relieves pressure
buccal mucosal graft - rare

43
Q

horses: what do we need to remember about bacterial cystitis?

A

its rare in horses but occurs most often in mares

and is treated with TMS. TMS is great bc its cheap and concentrates in the urine so its a great 1st line abx

44
Q

horses: what is the 411 on pyelonephritis?

A
  • secondary to ectopic ureters
  • commonly occurs with bacteremia
  • CS: systemic illness + dysuria + hematuria
  • Tx: abx, nephrectomy
45
Q

horses: what 3 things cause urinary incontinence?

A

upper motor neuron disease

lower motor neuron disease

myogenic bladder

46
Q

horses: what is the big deal about upper motor neuron disease?

A

it will cause urinary incontinence but the big deal is its caused from a spinal cord lesion and they wont be able to stand!!

47
Q

horses: whats the 411 on lower motor neuron disease?

A
  • it causes urinary incontinence
  • CS: continuous dribbling, cauda equina syndrome (no anal tone, perineal analgesia, hindlimb weakness, etc.)
  • etiology: if they have fever + dribbling urine = EHV-1 myeloencephalitis!!
48
Q

horses: what does myogenic bladder cause?

A

sabulous cystitis - it stretches out the detrussor

49
Q

how do you treat myogenic bladder?

A
  • culture urine
  • treat cystitis
  • lavage bladder
  • stimulate emptying with bethanechol
50
Q

horses: how do you stimulate bladder emptying?

A

bethanechol

51
Q

horses: if a horse has PU/PD what is their urine output and water intake levels?

A

> 50 ml/kg/day urine output = PU

>100 ml/kg/day water intake = PD

52
Q

horses: what are some causes of PU/PD in horses?

A
  1. diabetes inspidus
  2. cushings - pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction
  3. renal failure - sepsis
53
Q

ruminants: what are the 6 causes of AKI?

A
  1. acute tubular necrosis
  2. hemoglobinuria
  3. myoglobinuria
  4. oak poisoning
  5. pigweed toxicity
  6. leptospira
54
Q

ruminants: what is the most common cause of ATN? vasomotor

A

nephropathy = septic mastitis

55
Q

ruminants: what are some of the most common causes of hemoglobinuria?

A
  • post-parturition = low P
  • Cu toxicity in sheep
  • bacillary hemoglobinuria
  • water intoxication
  • salt poisoning
  • Se deficiency = Fl is Se deficient
56
Q

ruminants: what are some causes of myoglobinuria?

A

white muscle disease (vit E, Se deficient)

cassia occidentalis (wild coffee)

57
Q

ruminants: what is so impt about oak poisoning?

A

oak poisoning is specific to cattle in the Spring and Fall
CS: melena, azotemia, proteinuria and glucosuria
tx: supportive

sheep and goats are ok bc they have tanninase in their rumen

58
Q

ruminants: what is impt about pigweed toxicity?

A
  • affects cattle and swine
  • CS: weakness, tremors, ataxia, azotemia, proteinuria, Increased K
  • 75 - 100% mortality once signs appear
59
Q

ruminants: what is the 411 on leptospira?

A
  • affects young animals exposed to stagnant water
  • CS: fever, abortion, mastitis, meningitis
  • Dx: urine PCR
  • Tx: tetracycline, penicillin, ampicillin
60
Q

ruminants: clinical signs of AKI - regardless of etiology

A 
oliguria
poluria
anorexia
diarrhea, bloat
muscle weakness
epistaxis
ammonia breath
61
Q

ruminants: what is the clin path of ruminants with AKI? how is it treated?

A

azotemia
decreased NaCl
decreased Ca, increased P
isosthenuria

tx - fluids

62
Q

ruminants: how does amyloidosis occur and what does it lead to?

A

inflammatory disease –> serum Amyloid A –> deposits in kidney, GI –> disrupts glomerulus or GI –> PLN or PLE

63
Q

ruminants: what causes pyelonephritis? what are the CS?

A

cornebacterium renale (cattle specific) - contagious, causes herd outbreaks!

CS: colic, arched back, fever, decreased milk yield, blood/pus/crystals on vulva

64
Q

ruminants: how do you treat pyelonephritis?

A

gram + = penicillin
gram - = ceftiofur
for > 3 weeks!

quarantine affected animals - report drug used and adhere to withdrawal times

65
Q

ruminants: in what kind of animals do we see urolithiasis and why?

A

young, castrated males like pet goats and feedlot cattle

its a disease of management- from being fed a high concentrate, pelleted diet

66
Q

ruminants: why does crystallization occur?

A

from decreased water consumption and a basic pH

67
Q

ruminants: what type of stone is most common in small ruminants? why?

A

struvites (Mg ammonium Phosphate)

  • they occur in alkaline pH
  • pelleted diets due to Ca:P
68
Q

ruminants: what are the most common sites of obstruction?

A

small rumiannts = urethral process

cattle = sigmoid flexure

69
Q

ruminants: what is the clin path of a ruminant with a urethral obstruction?

A 
azotemia
hemoconcentration
decreased NaCl
increased K, increased Mg, increased P
ab tap: peritoneal Crt: serum Crt > 2:1
70
Q

ruminants: how do you treat urethral obstructions?

A
  1. medical: correct fluid, walpoles’ solution
  2. amputate urethral process
  3. surgical options: perineal/ischial urethrostomy (salvage procedure for feedlot cattle) , tube cystotomy (best option for breeding animals)
71
Q

ruminants: how do you prevent urethral obstructions?

A

Ca:P > 2:1

Mg

72
Q

ruminants: what is the 411 on enzootic hematuria? what does chronic ingestion cause? what does acute toxicity cause?

A
  • caused by bracken fern
  • chronic ingestion causes hematuria and bladder neoplasms
  • acute toxicity causes bone marrow suppression
73
Q

ruminants: what is ulcerative posthitis and vulvitis? what is it caused by? what are the clinical signs? how is it treated?

A

“pizzle rot” !

  • caused by cornebacterium renale. it proliferates with a high protein diet, hydrolyzes urea to ammonia and causes ulcers. its contagious!
  • CS: moist ulcers on external genitalia, dysuria, weight loss, vocalization
  • Tx: isolate those affected, decrease protein, give systemic and topical abx like penicillin and oxytet powder
74
Q

how to acquire urine froma male ruminant

A

brush hairs on prepuce

Urology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions