Language In The World

Question 1

English as a lingua Franca

Answer 1

The role of English as a bridging language in interactions where it is not everyone’s first language

Question 2

Word Emglishes

Answer 2

Varieties of English that are used in different countries around the world p. Eg. Philippine English, Spanglish, Canadian English

Question 3

Global English

Answer 3

The idea of English as a worldwide language

Question 4

International English

Answer 4

The idea of English as a language that is used in international contexts of all kinds

Question 5

Diaspora

Answer 5

The dispersal of people and their languages to different parts of the world

Question 6

First language

Answer 6

Self explanatory

Question 7

Pidgin

Answer 7

A trade language, usually not the language of either of the speakers

Question 8

Second language

Answer 8

Self explanatory

Question 9

Creole

Answer 9

A variety that has developed from a pidgin or trade language to become a stable language used by speakers as their mother tongue

Question 10

Acrolect

Answer 10

Refers to a standard or official language variety in contexts where creole is spoken

Question 11

Basilect

Answer 11

Referring to the most informal style that speakers use

Question 12

Mesolect

Answer 12

A middle style of language, between standard and colloquial varieties

Question 13

Schneider’s model

Answer 13

• Considers how post colonial varieties of English have evolved:
• from the foundation stage: English used in a new territory
• exonormative stabilisation: where English begins to be used. At this stage, English speakers in the country still look outside for the norms and standards of their English variety
• nativization : old and new languages become closely
• endonormative stabilisation: where the country has gained independence and the English being spoken there has developed its own sense of standards and norms
• differentiation: new variety developing its own regional and social differences

Question 14

What is endonormative?

Answer 14

Looking within the immediate community for the norms of language use

Question 15

What is exonormative?

Answer 15

Looking beyond the immediate community for the norms of language use

Question 16

David Crystal views about the ways in which English is developing around the world, and what might happen to it in the future

Answer 16

-the momentum of English’s growth has become so great that there is nothing likely to stop its continued spread as global lingua Franca

Question 17

What’s McArthur’s view on the development of English in the world and what might happen to it in the future?

Answer 17

English is going through such radical change around the world that it is fragmenting into a family of languages

Question 18

What’s Nicholas Ostler’s view on English?

Answer 18

English will go the same way as other powerful languages in history. As American and British power declines around the world, English will lose its pre-eminent role. Technology will intervene, allowing us to translate any language into any other language, so that ‘everyone will speak and write in whatever language they choose, and the world will understand’

Question 19

What’s Mario Saraceni view on English?

Answer 19

English has spread from England to the wider world, and instead prefers to describe it as a relocation of English.m

Question 20

Why is English the dominant world language?

Answer 20

• 1.4 billion speakers of English
• spoken as a second or foreign language by an estimated 950 million people worldwide. In addition to the 427 million native speakers of English

Question 21

The British Empire

Answer 21

• 1922, largest in history
• education in the colonies: acquisition of the English language, and the future academic and financial success of those living in colonised countries came to depend mainly on their English language ability
• Post World War II, when the colonised countries started to gain independence, the English language maintained its influence by being selected as an official or national language by learns who were themselves the products of colonial education

Question 22

Future of English

Answer 22

Theoretically possible that English itself will be succeeded by another language, promulgated by the economic, political and cultural might of its native speakers.
Eg. English was preceded by Latin as the world’s dominant language, which was put in place by The Roman Empire and perpetuated by education and religion.