Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

English language > Language And Social groups > Flashcards

Language And Social groups Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

Convergence

A

Changing one’s language in order to move towards that of another individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Divergence

A

Changing one’s language in order to move away from that of another individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Macro level

A

Operating on a large scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Micro level

A

Operating on a small scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Post vocalic r

A

Pronouncing an /r/ after a vowel where there is an r in the spelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Received Pronunciation

A

An accent traditionally associated with high social class

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Density

A

Number of connections that people have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Multiplexity

A

Number of ways in which two individuals might relate to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Social network

A

A network of relations between people in their membership of different groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Informant

A

Someone who offers information to a researcher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Case study

A

In depth study of a single context. Used for further studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Dialect

A

Style of language used within a geographical region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ethnolect

A

Style of language thought to be characteristic of a particular ethnic group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Familect

A

Style of language used within a family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Genderlect

A

Style of language thought to be distinctive of either men or women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Social practices

A

Ways in which people in groups habitually behave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sociolect

A

Style of language used within a particular social group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Community of practice

A

Group of people who share understandings, perspectives and forms of language use as a result of meeting regularly over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lave and Wenger

A

-Community of practice:
mutual engagement
Joint negotiated enterprise
Shared repertoire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Deficit model

A

Assumption that something is lacking or deficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Elaborated code

A

Middle-class speakers use context free, complex forms of language

22
Q

Restricted code

A

Working class speakers use context based, limited forms of language

23
Q

Who developed the Communication Accomodation Theory?

A

Howard Giles

24
Q

Communication Accomodation Theory

A

Showed how individuals adapt aspects of their own language to signal their feelings about the person they are talking to

25
Q

Give one case study that shows the effects of social class

A

The Social Stratification of English in New York City in 1966 by Labov

26
Q

What did Labov conclude about his case study?

A

Differences in the pronunciation of certain sounds could be attributed to social class

27
Q

What did Labov’s result show?

A

they showed how culture-specific ideas about language and status are.

28
Q

What differences did Labov see?

A

Pronouncing the /r/ in American English is seen as high status, whereas in the UK post vocalic /r/ is an aspect of rural speech and is often stereotyped

29
Q

Who is Peter Trudgill?

A

Sociolinguist who studied in 1974 Norwich speech and explored the differences between people of working and middle class backgrounds in their pronunciations of certain sounds, including the velar nasal /n/ at the end of words like running

30
Q

What were Trudgill’s conclusions?

A

Changing the velar nasal /n/ to an alveolar /n/ was more likely to feature in working class speech than in middle class speech, although he also found differences between men’s and women’s use of non- standard forms

31
Q

Category system based on the occupation of the head of each household

A

A- Higher managerial, administrative or professional
B- intermediate managerial, administrative or professional
C1- supervisory or clerical and junior managerial, administrative or professional
C2- skilled manual workers
D-semi skilled and unskilled manual workers
E- casual or lowest grade workers, pensioners, and others who depend on the state of their income

32
Q

Criticism of the category system based of the head of each household

A

Fairly crude measurement. Eg. For a married couple where the woman didn’t work, her category was based on that of her husband
Problematic trying to identify gender

33
Q

Lesley Milroy

A

Belfast speech in 1987

34
Q

What did Milroy research ?

A 
Described social network as a web of ties. 
He studied 3 inner city working class communities in Northern Ireland and found that variations in language use could be explained by the residents' social networks
35
Q

What did Milroy find in her results?

A

Where people had a high network density score-through factors such as working together, living close to family members and socialising with each other- their accents were reinforced and stayed strong. On the other hand, people who were more isolated-perhaps through unemployed or looking after children at home- had less strong accents

36
Q

What were Milroy’s results on gender?

A

Where men were the ones who were isolated (one community had a lot of male unemployment) their accents were weaker than those of women, who had high density scores through working together in local factories

37
Q

What conclusions were drawn from Milroy’s study?

A

social networks speakers were powerfully associated with their indentity and maintaining a strong accent was a way of demonstrating this sense of themselves.
This was true for women as for men, there was nothing necessarily gender based about accent strength. It was more to do with their lifestyles rather than their gender

38
Q

BBC, LSE, York and Manchester Universities’ study in 2013

A 
Survey of 161,000 people
System:
-Household income
-Whether you own a property or rent it
-savings
-the kinds of people you mix and know socially
- cultural activities you engage in
39
Q

Penelope Eckert 2000

A

Social network approach

Social practices of American high-school students: the jocks and the burnouts

40
Q

Who were the jocks and the burnouts?

A

Jocks: participated in school life enthusiastically.
Burnouts: actively rebellious and refused to take part in school activities

41
Q

What did Eckert found?

A

People tended to speak more like those with whom they shared social practices and values. The burnouts used the exaggerated pronunciations associated with the urban accent of their Detroit neighbourhood. Jocks were more concerned with speaking in a socially prestigious way

42
Q

Jocks and burnouts use of language

A

The jocks were critical of the burnouts for their ungrammatical language, their frequent swearing and for not being articulate. The jocks were seen as talking like their parents

43
Q

Who came up with the study of the effects of groups of teenagers in an adventure playground in Reading?

A

Jenny Cheshire in 1992

44
Q

What did Cheshire found?

A

The toughest girls and boys conformed to the group of non standard grammatical forms such as ain’t

45
Q

Harriet Powney

A

Lexical items have also been found to be strong indicators of social group membership in studies of different kinds. Eg. Family to

46
Q

What did Bernstein claim?

A

Working class speakers used a restricted code of language which related to the here and now while middle class speakers used an elaborated code, which was more explicit and independent of context.

47
Q

Problem with Bernstein’s work

A

Deficit model of language being associated with working class identity. What his work really shows was some of the differences between speech and writing

48
Q

What was Bernstein’s research method?

A

He showed pictures to children and asked them what was happening in them. Working class children used language that fitted with the fact that they share the same physical place with the researcher while middle class children spoke as if the researcher wasn’t there

49
Q

What Bernstein’s work show?

A

Middle class children are more aware of the nature of assessment and that it reveals the potential unnaturalness of school based practices

50
Q

Pragmatic rules

A

Unspoken rules that operate in interactions between people who share a common understanding

English language (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions