Language Development

Question 1

phonology

Answer 1

rules governing the structure and sequence of speech sounds

Question 2

semantics

Answer 2

vocabulary–the way underlying concepts are expressed in words and word combinations

Question 3

grammar

Answer 3

syntax–the way words are arranged into sentences; and morphology–the use of grammatical markers indicating number, tense, case, person, gender, etc.

Question 4

pragmatics

Answer 4

rules for engaging in appropriate and effective communication (taking turns; sociolinguistic knowledge)

Question 5

language acquisition device

Answer 5

innate system that permits children to combine words into grammatically consistent, novel utterances and understand the meaning of sentences they hear

Question 6

universal grammar

Answer 6

built-in storehouse of rules common to all human languages

Question 7

Broca’s area

Answer 7

located in left frontal lobe, supporting grammatical processing and language production

Question 8

Wernicke’s area

Answer 8

located in left temporal lobe, plays a role in comprehending word meaning

Question 9

phonemes

Answer 9

smallest sound units that signal a change in meaning (pa versus ba)

Question 10

categorical speech perception

Answer 10

tendency to perceive as identical a range of sounds that belong to the same phonemic class

Question 11

infant-directed speech

Answer 11

a form of communication made up of short sentences with high-pitched, exaggerated expression, clear pronunciation, distinct pauses between speech segments, clear gestures to support verbal meaning

Question 12

cooing

Answer 12

vowel like noises

Question 13

babbling

Answer 13

consonant like noises

Question 14

joint attention

Answer 14

child attends tot he same object or event at the caregiver

Question 15

protodeclarative gesture

Answer 15

baby points to, touches or holds up an object while looking at others

Question 16

protoimperative gesture

Answer 16

baby gets another person to do something by reaching, pointing and making sounds at the same time

Question 17

comprehension

Answer 17

language they understand

Question 18

production

Answer 18

language they use

Question 19

fast-mapping

Answer 19

children can connect a new word with an underlying concept after only a brief encounter

Question 20

referential style

Answer 20

vocabularies consist mainly of words that refer to obejcts

Question 21

expressive style

Answer 21

initially produce many more social formulas or pronouns

Question 22

underextension

Answer 22

apply words too narrowly

Question 23

overextension

Answer 23

apply words to a wider collection of objects and events than is appropriate

Question 24

phonological store

Answer 24

permits us to retain speech based information

Question 25

mutual exclusivity bais

Answer 25

assumption that words refer to entirely separate nonoverlapping categories

Question 26

shape bias

Answer 26

previous learning of nouns based on shape heighters attention to the shape properties of additional objects

Question 27

syntactic bootstrapping

Answer 27

discovery of word meanings by observing how words are used in syntax or the structure of sentences

Question 28

emergentist coalition model

Answer 28

word-learning strategies emerge out of children’s efforts to deciper language

Question 29

telegraphic speech

Answer 29

focus on high-content words and omit smaller, less important ones

Question 30

grammatical morphemes

Answer 30

small markers that change the meaning of sentences

Question 31

overregularization

Answer 31

extension of morphological rules to words that are exceptions

Question 32

recasts

Answer 32

restructuring inaccurate speech into correct form

Question 33

expansion

Answer 33

elaborating on children’s speech

Question 34

semantic bootstrapping

Answer 34

use word meanings to figure out sentence structure

Question 35

turnabout

Answer 35

speaker not only comments but also adds a request to get another response

Question 36

shading

Answer 36

speaker initiates a change of topic gradually by modifying the focus of discussion

Question 37

illocutionary intent

Answer 37

what a speaker means to say, even if the form of the utterance is not perfectly consistent with it

Question 38

referential communication skills

Answer 38

need to communicate clear verbal messages and recognize when messages we receive are unclear

Question 39

speech registers

Answer 39

language adaptations to social expectations

Question 40

metalinguistic awareness

Answer 40

the ability to think about language as a system

Question 41

code switching

Answer 41

producing an utterance in one language that contains one or more “guest” words from the other