Language choice in multilingual communities Flashcards
How does one become multilingual?
Migration (historical or modern), Colonization, Trade and Commerce, Urbanization, Language Policies
Diglossia definition?
Ferguson 1956: Two varieties of the same language (i.e dialects) used in clearly demarcated domains
Note: we use whether they are dialects or different languages
What is a domain?
(in a typical example) interactions between participants in settings
Who is the addressee (social distance)?
What’s the setting?
What’s the topic of the conversation?
What is high language?
formal contexts, standardized, used in writing, used in schools, not learned at hoome
What is low language?
informal contexts, not codified and varies widely, used orally, not taught in schools, learned at home
What are the expanding concepts of diglossia?
What are some situations of H/L diglossia
What are some situations of H/L bilingualism
What is code switching (CS)?
alternate use of two or more languages within the same conversation or situation. Can occur within or outside sentence or phrase boundaries and within a word
What is lexical borrowing? (vs CS)?
the incorporation of lexical elements from one language into another. It is adapted to match the languages speech and form
Ex: sofa, algebra, tempo, mosquito
What are the types of CS?
intra sentential: within sentence clause boundaries (switching within one sentence)
inter sentential: outside the sentence clause boundaries (two separate sentences)
lexical: embedding one word from language A into language B, type of intra but more restrictive
What are CS attitudes and fluency?
seen as lazy or unknowledgable
Reality:
More proficient multilinguals > intrasentential CS
Multilinguals more dominant in one language > lexical insertions, inter-sentential CS
What are the types of CS by function?
situational, emblematic, referential, metaphorical
What is Situational CS?
indicates change in topic, situation or interlocutor
What is Emblematic CS?
used to show ethnic identity and solidarity with interlocutor, short switches of tags or interjections, common in speakers who are not proficient
What is referential code-switching?
change based on content that is more appropriately or easily expressed in a different language (cultural references, proverbs, sayings), often to quote someone else’s words
What is metaphorical CS?
used to convey meanings (anger, amusement, swearing), rhetorical device, often no reason behind the switch, if not other categories it is this type of CS
What is equivalence constraint in CS?
Speakers maintain grammaticality in both languages by switching at syntactic boundaries that are equivalent in both languages
Ex: big house and grande maison match adjective and noun order and can be switched
What are the findings from early studies on CS?
Espinosa (1917) and Baker (1940): US Mexican-American bilinguals
findings: more frequent in youth, varies by topic, many discourse functions, strong marker of group membership
Findings remain true tuday
What is diglossia with bilingualism?
H and L are used for separate sets of functions, bilingualism is required to cover all domains
Ex: Spanish (H) and Galican (L) in Galicia before 1978
What is diglossia without bilingualism?
Two languages coexist in one area, each group speaks their separate language
Ex: colonial English or French spoken by elite with local languages used by everyone else
What is bilingualism without diglossia?
Most bilinguals and languages are not restricted by domains
Ex: Galican taught in schools and used in private and public domains today
What is neither bilingualism nor diglossia?
A monolingual society
Ex: Spanish in Cuba and DR where Indigenous languages have been exterminated
