Language And Occupation Flashcards
Define acronyms
an abbreviation formed from the initial letters of other words and pronounced as a word e.g.
ASCII, NASA
What are adjacency pairs
a simple structure of two turns
What is negative face
describes the basic personal rights of an individual, including his/ her personal freedom as well as freedom of action
Describe positive face
defined as the individual desire of a person that his/ her personality is appreciated by others. Furthermore, this includes the way a person wants to be perceived by his/ her social group
What is convergence
when we use language to resemble that used by those around us
What is Divergence
when we use language to distance ourselves from others
What is a discourse community
a group of people who share a set of discourses, understood as basic values and assumptions, and ways of communicating about those goals
What is a hierarchy
a system in which members of an organisation or society are ranked according to relative status or authority
What is an illocutionary act
relates to the speaker; the delivery of the propositional content of the utterance( including references and a predicate), and a particular illocutionary force, whereby the speaker: asserts, suggests, demands, promises, or vows; the illocution, therefore, is the speakers intention
Describe jargon
special words or expressions used by a profession or group that are difficult for others to understand
What is locutionary act
the actual utterance and its ostensible meaning
What is phatic talk
language that is devoid of content but supports social relationships i.e.
“Hi, how are you today?”
What is schematic knowledge
a bundle of knowledge about a concept, person or thing
Describe speech acts
speech acts are nothing more than the actions that occur thanks to language; for example, we use language to compliment and persuade, to beg or scold, and to ask for and give information
What is a Tenor
The participants in a discourse, their relationships to each other, and their purpose.
When did swales suggest that discourse communities have/use certain features?
- 2011
When did Sinclair & Coulthard develop the concept of IRF structure? What does IRF stand for:
- 1975
- initiation, response, feedback
When was Nelson’s theory? What did he do?
- 2000)
- used corpus data; investigated whether there was such thing as ‘business lexis’
When was Koester’s theory? What did he do?
- 2004
- emphasised the importance of phatic talk (small talk) amongst colleagues
When and what was Goffman’s theory? What did he do?
- 1967
- Face Theory’; he claims that everyone is concerned, to some extent, with how others perceive them
When was Drew & Heritage? What did they say?
- 1993
- members of a discourse community share inferential frameworks consisting of subtle ways of communicating, thinking and behaving.
When was Austin, J.L.? What did he publish?
- 1955/1962
- How to Do Things With Words
How did Austin, J.L. classifyspeech acts?
- classified speech acts as locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary
What else did Austin, J.L. say?
- said utterances have performative value and language is used to “do things”
When was Brown’s & Levinson’s theory? What did they do?
- 1987
- developed Goffman’s ideas of Face Theory; came up with the ‘Positive Politeness Theory’ and focused specifically on positive and negative face and face threatening acts.
When was Searle and what did he do?
- 1969
- expanding on Austin; interrogated what he termed ‘speech acts’; agreed that language is used to “do things”
