Language And Gender Flashcards
What book did Jespersen publish?
Language: Its Nature, Development and Origins
1922
What was Jespersen’s argument regarding male language forms?
Male language forms were the norm and the language of others (including women) is deficient
In 1922
Whose theory is based on Jespersen’s argument?
Robin Lakoff’s theory
Define ‘deficit’ in the context of language.
The amount by which something is less than required or expected
What book did Robin Lakoff publish about gender?
Language and Women’s Place
In 1975
What criticism did Lakoff’s work receive?
It lacked statistical evidence and was based on subjective impressions
List three features of female speech according to Lakoff.
- Hedges
- Empty-adjectives
- Super polite forms
What is the focus of Fishman’s dominance model published about gender?
Tag questions in conversations between young American couples
In 1983
How much more frequently did women use tag questions according to Fishman?
Four times more
What term did Fishman use to describe the conversational work women do?
Conversational ‘shitwork’
In 1983
What book did Tannen publish about gender?
You Just Don’t Understand
In 1990
According to Tannen, how is male language characterized?
Status and dominance, independence, advice, information, orders, conflict
According to Tannen, how is female language characterized?
Support and agreement, intimacy, understanding, feelings, proposals, compromise
What hypothesis did Hyde propose about gender?
Gender Similarities hypothesis
2005
What did Hyde argue regarding male and female language?
There are more similarities than differences
In 2005
What did Cheshire conclude about boys’ use of language?
Boys use non-standard forms more frequently than girls
In 1982
What did Cheshire find about girls’ language use?
Girls’ language is a personal process
What notion did Cameron criticize?
Innate differences in male and female speech
In 2008
What did Zimmerman & West establish in 1975?
Men interrupt more than women
What conclusion did O’Barr and Atkins reach regarding language differences?
Language differences are situation specific
In 1980
What mistake did Butler argue against?
Reinforcing a binary view on gender
In 1990
Define ‘binary’ as used in the context of gender.
Related to, composed of, or involving two things
What did Talbot state about gender?
In 2010, Gender is socially constructed
What is a social construct?
Something that exists as a result of human interaction and agreement
