Age AO2 Flashcards
What is Age?
How much time an individual has been alive for
What are the types of ages identified by EcKert (1998)?
- Chronological
- Biological
- Social
What is Chronological age?
Years since birth
What is Biological age?
Physical maturity
What is Social age?
Linked to life events
What are some factors that affect Social age?
- Carer
- Losing family members
- Marriage
According to Cheshire (1981), how do adults develop their language?
In response to life events that affect social relations and attitudes
What did Douglas Bigham (2012) state about important life events?
They are more likely to occur post 18, an age termed as emerging adulthood
What did Burridge (2004) suggest about slang?
Slang includes people in a social group but also keeps them out
Burridge emphasized the dual role of slang in social dynamics.
According to the Daily Mail (2010), how many words do teens use in comparison to their vocabulary?
Teens have a vocabulary of 4000 but only use 800
This limited usage can affect their employability.
What did De Klerk (2005) identify as a freedom of young people regarding language?
The freedom to challenge linguistic norms
Young people aim to establish their identity as modern and fashionable.
EcKert (2003) stated that youth use slang slang for?
Establishing a connection to youth culture and differentiating from older generations
What is a characteristic of teenage language according to Gross (2010)?
Inventive, ever-changing, and a way to assert difference
Gross noted that teenagers have always created their own language.
What was the finding of Ives (2014) in her interviews with teens?
100% thought people spoke differently based on age
Students believed adults would not understand their slang.
What did Martinez (2011) find about teenagers’ use of negatives in spoken language?
Teenagers used more negatives; 1/3 in orders, suggestions, refusals
This indicates teenagers are more direct than adults.
What did McEnery (2006) suggest about the vocabulary of teenagers?
Teen vocabulary was around 12,600 words
The top 20 words included common terms like ‘yeah’ and ‘but’.
What did Odato (2013) research about the use of ‘like’ in children’s speech?
Children as young as 4 used ‘like’, showing they copy older speakers
Identified three stages of ‘like’ usage in children.
What is Pinker’s view on slang?
Views slang as gibberish unless you’re a member of the clique
What features of teenage talk did Stenstrom (2014) discuss?
Irregular turn-taking, overlaps, indistinct articulation, word shortening, teasing, verbal dueling, slang, taboo
These features reflect the dynamics of teenage communication.
According to Zimmerman (2009), what factors influence teenagers’ use of language?
Media & press, new means of communication, music, street graffiti/art
How did Ayto and Simpson (1997) define slang?
The vocabulary of the under-world; language below the level of standard speech
What did Berland (1997) find about the usage of ‘innit’, ‘yeah’, and ‘ok’?
‘Innit’ is more common in working class, ‘yeah’ in middle class, ‘ok’ used more by boys than girls
