Language and Linguistics (#4) Flashcards by katherine Williamson

Study of sounds of language and their physical properties

Phonetics

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Analysis of how sounds function in a language or dialect

Phonology

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Study of the structure of words

Morphology

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Study of the meaning in language

Semantics

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Study of the structure of sentences

Syntax

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Role of context in interpreting meaning

Pragmatics

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Variation of a language used by people who live in a particular geographical area

Dialect

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Dialects supported by institutions, such as governments and schools

Standard dialects

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Study of the history and origin of words

Etymology

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Sentence that makes a statement and tells about a person place, thing, or idea

Declarative

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Sentence that asks a question

Interrogative

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Sentence that issues a command

Imperative

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Sentence that communicates strong feelings or ideas

Exclamatory

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Sentence that expresses wishes or conditions contrary to fact

Conditional

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Sentence that has a single subject or compound subject and a single predicate or compound predicate; has one independent clause & no independent clauses

Simple sentence

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Sentence made up of two independent clauses, joined by a semicolon or a common and a coordinating conjunction

Compound sentence

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Sentence that has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses

Complex sentence

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Sentence that has two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Compound-complex sentence

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ID sentence type: “My dog growls.”

Simple (single subject, single predicate)

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ID sentence type: “My dog and my cat growl.”

Simple (compound subject, single predicate)

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ID sentence type: “My dog and my cat growl and appear agitated.”

Simple (compound subject, compound predicate)

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ID sentence type: “I must have vicious pets from the pound in my town.”

Simple (independent clause with two phrases)

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ID sentence type: “My dog growls, but my cat growls at her littermate.”

Compound

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ID sentence type: “When you pass the test, you’ll enjoy a career.”

Complex

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ID sentence type: I just earned my degree, and I plan to get a teaching job because I need a career."

Compound-complex

ID problem: "After the exam, I will go shopping, celebrating, and eat dinner."

Unparallel construction ("After the exam, I will go shopping, celebrating, and dining.")

ID problem: "Tory, Kelly, and I watched a movie, but she didn't like it."

Pronoun referent ("Tory, Kelly, and I watched a movie, but Tory didn't like it."

Word or phrase that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence.

Dangling modifier

ID problem: "Surrounding by vegetables, Aunt Linda served the Thanksgiving turkey."

Dangling modifier ("Aunt Linda served the Thanksgiving turkey, which was surrounded by vegetables.")

Grammatical subject of the verb is the recipient of the action denoted by the verb.

Passive voice

The adverb is between the two parts of the infinitive form of a verb

Split infinitive

ID problem: "to meekly say"

Split infinitive

Type of noun that do not name specific people, places, or things; not capitalized

Common noun

Noun that names particular place, person, or thing; capitalized

Proper noun

Noun that names a thing that is tangible

Concrete noun

Noun that names an idea, condition, or feeling

Abstract noun

Noun that names a group or unit

Collective noun

Case of a noun: the subject of a clause or the predicate noun when it follows the verb "be"

Nominative case noun

Case of a noun: shows possession or ownership

Possessive case noun

Case of a noun: a direct object, indirect object, or the object of a preposition

Objective case noun

Verb that takes direct objects

Transitive verb

Verb that takes no objects or complements

Intransitive verb

Verb that connects the subject and the subject complement (adjective, noun, or noun equivalent)

Linking/Connecting verb

Verb that comes before another verb

Auxiliary/Helping verb

ID the verb type: "The secondary English student learns the methods of the teacher."

Transitive

ID the verb type: "An airplane flew overhead"

Intransitive

ID the verb type: It was rainy."

Linking/connecting

ID the verb type: "She {must have} passed the exam."

Auxiliary/helping

Tense that describes situations that exist at the present moment

Present tense

Tense that describes what happened in the past

Past tense

Tense that expresses action that will take place in the future

Future

Tense that is used when action began in the past but continues into the present

Present perfect

Tense that is used to express action that began in the past and happened prior to another past action

Past perfect

Tense that expresses action that will begin in the future and will be completed in the future

Future perfect

ID verb tense: "Celia and Tory attend the middle school."

Present tense

ID verb tense: "They attended elementary school."

Past tense

ID verb tense: "Next year, they will attend high school."

Future tense

ID verb tense: "She has attended a charter school for two years."

Present perfect tense

ID verb tense: "He had never seen such high test scores until she implemented the intervention."

Past perfect tense

ID verb tense: "By this time next year, they will have graduated."

Future perfect tense

Usually made up of "to" and the base form of a verb (ex: "to order"); can function as an adjective, adverb, or noun

Infinitive phrase

Verb form that usually ends in "-ing" or "-ed"; operate as adjectives but maintain some characteristics of verbs

Participle (ex: "barking dog")

Made up of a present participle ("-ing") and always functions as a noun

Gerund phrase (ex: "gardening is an activity")

ID the pronoun: "you" or "they"

Simple

ID the pronoun: "Itself" or "myself"

Compound

ID the pronoun: "each other" or "one another"

Phrasal

The noun to which a pronoun refers (must agree w/ each other)

Antecedent

Pronoun class that take the place of nouns

Personal pronoun

Pronoun class that relates adjective clauses to the nouns or pronouns they modify

Relative pronoun

Pronoun class that refers to unnamed or unknown people or things

Indefinite pronoun

Pronoun class that asks questions

Interrogative pronoun

Pronoun class that points out people, places or things without naming them

Demonstrative pronoun

ID the pronoun: "Coach changed his starting lineup."

Personal ("his"

ID the pronoun: "A player who plays with skill gets a place in the starting lineup."

Relative ("who")

ID the pronoun: "Perhaps you know somebody who can slam-dunk."

Indefinite ("somebody who")

ID the pronoun: "Who are you?"

Interrogative ("who")

ID the pronoun: "This should be an easy win."

Demonstrative ("this")

Part of speech: describe or modify nouns or pronouns

Adjective

Groups of related words that operate as a single part of speech (verb, verbal, prepositional, appositive, or absolute)

Phrases

Groups of related words that have both a subject and a predicate

Clauses