Language and Gender Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Marked Term?

A

The unusual form of a term, often shown by an additional suffix e.g. ladette. The unmarked term would be the regular form e.g. lad.

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2
Q

What is Rapport Talk?

A

Attempting to build relationships through speech. Typically associated with female speech.

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3
Q

What is a Pejorative Term?

A

A judgemental term that usually implies disapproval or criticism.

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4
Q

What is Up Talk?

A

Rising intonation used at the end of declarative statements.

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5
Q

What is Verbal Hygiene?

A

The effort to improve or correct speech and writing to arrest change in language.

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6
Q

What is Hegemonic Masculinity?

A

Language and behaviour associated with an idealised male group that is seen to have the most power and status within society.

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7
Q

What is Hedging?

A

A word or phrase that makes a statement less forceful or assertive.

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8
Q

What is a Filler?

A

A seemingly meaningless word, phrase or sound that marks a pause or hesitation in speech.

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9
Q

What is a Genderlect?

A

The particular dialect used by men and women depending on their gender.

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10
Q

What is Hypercorrection?

A

A pronunciation, word form or grammatical construction produced by mistaken analogy with standard usage in a desire to be correct.

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11
Q

What is a Minimal Response?

A

Short sounds or words that are used to maintain a conversation. Shows the listener is listening.

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12
Q

What is Social Constructivism?

A

Places importance on social interaction as constructing identity and people coming together to create a shared construction of the world.

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13
Q

What is Semantic Reclamation?

A

Where a group of individuals reclaim the negative meaning of a word in attempts to make it more positive

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14
Q

What is the Deficit Model?

A

The belief that language used by women is inferior to the language used by men.

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15
Q

What is the Dominance Model?

A

The belief that the differences in language use by men and women can be explained by the hierarchical dominance of men within society.

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16
Q

What is the Difference Model?

A

The belief that men and women have innate differences in the style and function of their speech and writing.

17
Q

What is the Diversity Model?

A

The belief that gender is not the only thing influencing men and women’s language use, rather their language behaviours are affected by the groups they belong to.

18
Q

What does Lakoff believe about Gendered language? (Deficit)

A

Women are socialised into behaving like ‘ladies’ (linguistically and within society) and that this subordinate position within society stops them being powerful.

19
Q

What features did Lakoff identify made women’s speech seem inferior?

A

Hedge: using phrases such as “sort of”, “kind of”, “it seems like”, etc.​

Use (super) Polite forms: “Would you mind”, “I’d appreciate if”, “if you don’t mind”.​

Use Tag Questions: “You’re going to dinner, aren’t you?”​

Use hypercorrect grammar and pronunciation: English prestige grammar and clear enunciation.​

Use “Wh” imperatives: “Why don’t you open the door?”​

Speak less frequently​

Apologise more​

Use Modal Constructions: Such as can, would, should, ought to.​
20
Q

What does Dale Spender believe about Gendered Language? (Dominance)

A

Believes that a male dominated society has structured and regulated language to reflect men’s best interests.

21
Q

What did Zimmerman and West study about Language and Gender? (Dominance)

A

Men are more likely to interrupt women in a mixed sex conversation, suggesting their dominance.

22
Q

What was Beattie’s criticism of Zimmerman and West’s study?

A

Critical of Zimmerman and West. In his own study found that whilst men interrupted more it was by such a slight margin that it wasn’t statistically significant.

23
Q

What does Pamela Fishman discuss about women in language? (Dominance)

A

Women do more of the conversational work, due to their inferior position within society.

24
Q

What does Deborah Tannen discuss about language and gender? (Difference)

A

Women use language differently from men not out of inferiority, but because they have been socialised differently and have different conversational goals. They are aiming to keep a conversation going through their use of tag questions.

25
Q

What are the 6 differences identified by Tannen?

A

Status vs. support ​

Independence vs. intimacy ​

Advice vs. understanding ​

Information vs. feelings ​

Orders vs. proposals ​

Conflict vs. compromise
26
Q

What did Jennifer Coates identify about gender differences in language? (Difference)

A

Found that boys and girls tended to belong to same sex friendship groups and subsequently developed different styles of speaking.

27
Q

How does Deborah Jones categorise women’s talk?

A

Categorised women’s talk into four main groups; house talk, scandal, bitching and chatting.

28
Q

What differences did Jane Pilkington identify in gendered language?

A

Women in same sex conversations are collaborative and used positive politeness strategies. Men in same sex conversations were less collaborative, less complimentary and less supportive than women.

29
Q

What did Penelope Eckert discuss about gendered language? (Diversity)

A

Suggested that we need to explore other reason for language variation such as class.

30
Q

What does Deborah Cameron say about gendered language? (Diversity)

A

The gender ‘template’ doesn’t fit everyone; suggesting that there can be as many differences in communication between two men as there could be between a man and a woman.

31
Q

What did Janet Holmes’ research identify? (Diversity)

A

Researched tag questions; discovering they could be used to express solidarity, or that they could weaken a command or criticism.

32
Q

What did O’Barr and Atkins Courtroom study identify? (Diversity)

A

Studied courtrooms and the speech of witnesses. Found that language differences are based on situation specific authority or power, rather than gender.

33
Q

Explain Judith Butler’s Gender Performitivity

A

The way we present ourselves, such as our speech and body language, and continually repeat these presentations, constructs our gender rather than reflecting it.

34
Q

What did Jenny Cheshire identify with prestige?

A

Males are more susceptible to covert prestige, but social attitude is more of a determining factor than gender.

35
Q

What did James Pennebaker identify about number of words spoken by each gender?

A

In mixed sex conversation the average number of words spoken by men and women were about the same. There was more difference noted within genders than between them.