Global English Flashcards
What is a Pidgin?
A grammatically simplified form of a language, typically English, Dutch or Portuguese, some elements of which are taken from local languages, used for communication between people not sharing a common language.
What is a Creole?
A mother tongue formed from the contact of a European language (especially English and French) with local languages (especially African languages spoken by slaves in the West Indies).
What is an Acrolect?
The variety of speech that is closest to a standard prestige language, especially in an area where a creole is spoken.
What is a Basilect?
The variety of speech that is most remote to a standard prestige language, especially in an area where a creole is spoken.
What is a Diaspora?
The dispersal of language around the world.
What is Globalisation?
The process by which businesses, or other organisations, develop international influence or operate on an international scale.
What is a Lingua-Franca?
A language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native language are different.
What is a Heritage Language?
A language that is not the dominant language in the society in which someone lives, yet it is one that is spoken at home.
What is Code Switching?
When speakers who speak two or more different languages switch from one to the other, often in mid conversation. Can also be used to refer to switching between dialects of the same accent.
What is Covert Prestige?
The less obvious or hidden prestige associated with the use of certain non-standard varieties of a language within particular social groups.
What is Overt Prestige?
The obvious prestige associated with the use of the standard variety of a language within a particular society. Connected to notions of speaking ‘properly’.
What is a multiethnolect?
A collection of linguistic resources combining features from a variety of languages within a multi-ethnic, multicultural context.
What are Kachru’s three circles? (1992)
- The Inner Circle: where English is used as a first language, acquired from birth by most
- The Outer Circle: includes countries colonised by Britain and the USA where English is spoken as a second language and plays an important historical and governmental role
- The Expanding Circle: where English is not an official language, but is recognised as important as a foreign language, perhaps for trade
How does Canagarajah criticise Kachru’s circles?
Questioned the validity of Kachru’s circles as migration and modern technology have led to the ‘leaking’ of clearly defined circles.
What did Kandiah (1998) state was the reason for the spread of English?
The reason for the spread of the English Language was colonisation.