Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Linguistics: Keywords & Features > Language and Diversity: Keywords > Flashcards

Language and Diversity: Keywords Flashcards

1
Q

1.

Ideolect

A

the language variety of an individual speaker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the language variety of an individual speaker

A

A language style associated with a particular social group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Dialect

A

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ethnolect

A

a dialect spoken by a particular ethnic group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Genderlect

A

gender-based dialect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Familect

A

A dialect spoken within a family (coined by Harriet Powney)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

code switching

A

the practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Code Mixing

A

The inclusion of words and phrases from one language in another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Specialist register

A

A set of lexical items and grammatical constructions particular to an institution or occupational group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Convergence

A

Confirming to peers/ setting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Divergence

A

Going against the audience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Social Network

A

A series of social relationships that links a person directly to others, and through them indirectly to still more people.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

stereotype

A

a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Adolonics

A

‘Teen speak’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

colloquial/colloquialism

A

The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Arbitrary

A

based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Vernacular

A

the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Condescending

A

possessing an attitude of superiority, patronizing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Prestige

A

High standing; respect earned by accomplishments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Overt prestige

A

Status that is publicly acknowledged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

covert prestige

A

Using correct grammar/ ‘overcorrect’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Non-standard forms

A

Words or phrases from slang or dialect e.g. I ain’t done that

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Received Pronunciation (RP)

A

The dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in London and now considered standard in the United Kingdom.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Socio-economic status

A

A person’s position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, place of residence, and other factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Community of practice

A

a group of individuals who interact regularly, developing unique ways of doing things togetherness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Deficit model

A

early attempt to explain differences in minority groups that contended that differences are the result of “cultural deprivation”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Restricted code

A

a style of language use associated with informal situations, characterized by linguistic predictability and by its dependence on the external context and on the shared knowledge and experience of the participants for conveying meaning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Elaborate code

A

A style of language associated with formal situations- more common of upper class

29
Q

Exophoric reference

A

making reference to things beyond the language of a text itself (as opposed to endophoric, which is within the language of the text), perhaps within a speaker’s immediate physical context e.g. “Look at that”.

30
Q

Macro level

A

a wide-scale view of the role of social structures within a society

31
Q

Micro level

A

focus on the individual and his or her interactions in specific settings

32
Q

social stratification

A

the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige

33
Q

Hypercorrection

A

an attempt to be overly “correct” resulting in the production of language different from the standard (“between Harlan and I” instead of “between Harlan and me”) (Labov)

34
Q

Resistance identity

A

Language use that deliberately intensifies the standard forms of mainstream culture.

35
Q

What is slang?

A

Informal words or phrases used within a group to create identity or belonging

Slang often varies by region and social group.

36
Q

What is rising intonation?

A

A speech pattern where the pitch rises at the end of a sentence, often used in statements

This pattern can indicate uncertainty or a question in some contexts.

37
Q

Define multiple negation.

A

The use of more than one negative word in a sentence for emphasis (e.g., ‘I didn’t do nothing’)

This construction is often used in certain dialects for emphasis.

38
Q

What is chronological age?

A

The number of years since a person’s birth

This is often used in developmental psychology.

39
Q

Define biological age.

A

A person’s physical maturity, such as stages of puberty

Biological age can differ from chronological age.

40
Q

What is social age?

A

Milestones or life events that mark maturity, such as marriage or parenthood

Social age reflects societal expectations.

41
Q

What are non-standard morphological features?

A

Variations in word forms that deviate from standard grammar (e.g., ‘she go’ instead of ‘she goes’)

These features can indicate regional dialects.

42
Q

What are non-standard syntactic features?

A

Sentence structures that deviate from standard grammar (e.g., ‘we was’ instead of ‘we were’)

Such features are often found in specific dialects.

43
Q

Define vernacular culture.

A

A cultural group with informal social norms often reflected in their language

Vernacular culture influences communication styles.

44
Q

What does formality refer to in language?

A

The degree of adherence to conventional language norms, influenced by context and audience

Formality can vary greatly across different settings.

45
Q

What is colloquial language?

A

Relaxed and conversational speech; informal

Colloquial language is often used in everyday communication.

46
Q

What is Taboo Language?

A

Words or phrases considered offensive or inappropriate in certain contexts.

Taboo language can vary greatly between cultures and can change over time.

47
Q

Define Code Switching.

A

The practice of alternating between two or more languages or dialects in conversation.

This often occurs in bilingual or multilingual communities.

48
Q

What is a Sociolect?

A

A language variety associated with a specific social group.

Sociolects can reflect factors like class, ethnicity, or age.

49
Q

What does Overt Prestige refer to?

A

The status gained by using a dialect associated with culturally powerful groups.

This prestige often leads to social advantages.

50
Q

What is Covert Prestige?

A

The status gained by using non-standard dialects within a specific group.

This can foster group identity and solidarity.

51
Q

Define Accent.

A

A way of pronouncing words that indicates a person’s regional or social background.

Accents can significantly vary even within the same language.

52
Q

What is an Idiolect?

A

An individual’s unique language use shaped by personal experiences.

Idiolects can include unique vocabulary, phrases, and pronunciation.

53
Q

What is a Dialect?

A

A language variety distinguished by vocabulary, grammar, or pronunciation based on geography or social group.

Dialects can exist within the same language and can reflect regional differences.

54
Q

Define Neologism.

A

A newly coined word or expression.

Neologisms can emerge from cultural shifts, technology, or social trends.

55
Q

What is Jargon?

A

Specialized terminology used within a specific field or profession.

Jargon can create barriers to understanding for those outside the field.

56
Q

What is Semantic Derogation?

A

The development of negative connotations for a previously neutral word.

This process can reflect changing social attitudes and perceptions.

57
Q

What is hypercorrection?

A

Overcorrecting language use, often leading to errors.

Hypercorrection occurs when individuals attempt to avoid a perceived error and instead create a new mistake.

58
Q

Define hegemony in a linguistic context.

A

Dominance achieved through societal norms, including language standardization.

Hegemony can influence which dialects or languages are considered ‘standard’ or ‘prestigious.’

59
Q

What does convergence refer to in language use?

A

Adopting speech patterns to align with a social group.

Convergence can occur in various social settings, such as workplaces or among friends.

60
Q

What is divergence in communication?

A

Adjusting speech to distance oneself from a group.

Divergence can be a way to assert individuality or disassociate from a particular group.

61
Q

What is graphology?

A

The study of the visual aspects of written language, including layout and symbols.

Graphology is often used to analyze handwriting to infer personality traits.

62
Q

What is register in linguistics?

A

A variety of language tailored to a specific situation, audience, or purpose.

Different registers can include formal, informal, technical, or colloquial language.

63
Q

What are situational characteristics in communication?

A

The contextual factors, such as time and place, that influence communication.

These characteristics can affect how messages are delivered and interpreted.

64
Q

Define vernacular.

A

The everyday language spoken by people in a particular region or social group.

Vernacular often contrasts with formal language and can vary widely across different areas.

65
Q

Pluricentric

A

Language with several standard forms

66
Q

Mono centric

A

Language with one standard form

67
Q

Codification

A

Laying down a model for standard use of English

68
Q

Semantic change + example

A

When meanings of words shift over time
E.g. awful originally meant ‘inspiring wonder

69
Q

Neosemy

A

New meanings develops for word

Linguistics: Keywords & Features (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions