Language Acquisition Theories Flashcards
Affective filter
Emotional influence on learning
Early production
Stage of 2L language acquisition, learner is listening and absorbing
Content based ESL
Integrates ESL instruction with subject instruction
Communicative approach
Language learning comes through having to communicate meaning
Cognitive code
Method of teaching ELL grammatical structure, and then practicing.
Audiolingualism
Teaching of grammar and vocabulary through repetition and memorizing phrases
Language objective
Specific language skill or knowledge that a student should master in a lesson
Nativist theory
Noam chomsky idea that language is innate.
Assimilate
Replaces most of home culture with new culture
Sheltered instruction observation protocol
SIOP
Model used to make grade level content comprehensible while acquiring EL proficiency and developing academic language
Comprehensible input
Information that can be understood despite language barriers
CALPS - cognitive academic language proficiency
Proficiency in formal, academic language
Language experience approach
LEA
Promotes reading, writing and speaking through personal experiences. Resources are learner generated
Monitor hypothesis
Stephen Krashen 5 hypotheses of SLA, learners Edit own language performance
Critical period hypothesis
Full native competence can be achieved from childhood to adolescence.
Schema
Organized way of viewing the world and using it to incorporate new knowledge
Concept attainment model (Bruner)
Indirect strategy using structured inquiry process.
Students figure out things of a category chosen by teacher. Compare and contrast examples.
Affective filter response
SLA states needs and emotional states affect language acquisition.
Sheltered instruction
Integrate language and content to make content comprehensible. Pair content objective and language objective.
Cognitive and academic language learning approach
CALLA
Explicitly teach learning strategies and have students apply them to tasks to increase CALP.
Additive approach
Lessons/units/examples represent a broader range of cultures and perspectives are added to existing curriculum
Acquisition learning hypothesis
Stephen Krashen: acquisition occurs subconsciously from natural communication where focus is on meaning
Scaffolding
Gradually removing aids when teaching new concepts
Acculturation
One culture takes on some of the traits of another
Multi sensory approach
VAKT
Info is presented in visual, auditory, kinesthetic a s tactile modalities
Notional functional syllabus
Organized into notional categories or real life situations, people communicate and broken down into functions or aims of communication
Natural approach
Krashen based method. Emphasis on low anxiety natural context SLA, goal maximum comprehensible input.
Total physical response
TPR
Coordination of language and movement. Uses controlled vocabulary
ZPD
Zone of proximal development
ZPD is the tasks learners can do with guidance.
The silent way
Teacher is silent, encouraging natural language
Grammar-translation or classical approach
Teaches grammar as a means to translate text from one language to another.
Taught in native language, requires lots of memorization.
Natural order hypothesis
Krashen 5 - there is a predictive natural order for language acquisition
Speech emergence
Stage of SLA where learner speaks more frequently, using more complex language and structure
Intermediate fluency
Stage of SLA: begins to communicate in more complex sentences
Learner thinks in language now.
Constructivist approach
Belief that humans construct knowledge and meaning from experienced. Interactive and student centered activities
Cummins quadrants
Categorization of language tasks based on cognitive demand and amount of context available
Quadrants:
A: relatable context, low cognitive demand
B: less relatable context, low cognitive demand
C: relatable context, high cognitive demand
D: less relatable context, High cognitive demand.
Phonics approach
Method of teaching reading/writing by developing phonemic awareness (ability to hear, identify and manipulate phonemes)in order to teach sounds and spelling patterns.
Silent period or pre-production
Stage of SLA: learner takes in new language but doesn’t speak
Input hypothesis
Krashen 5- language is acquired through comprehensible input
Advanced fluency
Stage of SLA: learner has reached near native proficiency
Suggestopedia
Warm, relaxed, pleasant environment ideal for learning. Uses art and music, close teacher student relationship.
Metacognition
Ability to think about own thoughts process
Direct/oral/natural method
Immersion in language. Focus on oral communication
Total response signals
TRS
Cues students can use to indicate they are ready to respond to questions or ready to move on to new material
