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Module 7 > Language Acquisition > Flashcards

Language Acquisition Flashcards

1
Q

Speech production involves:

A 
Respiration 
Vocal quality
Resonance - nasality
Prosody
Articulation
>Larynx
>Tongue
>Hard plate
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2
Q

At what age are all speech sounds developed?

A

Age 8 know all their speech sounds

- Children with SD progress at a slower rate and are still not fully intelligible at age 8

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3
Q

Pre-lexical activation

A

starts at Heschl’s Gyrus ==> temporal poles

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4
Q

Music is processed

A

bilaterally

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5
Q

speech production is activated

A

Bilaterally

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6
Q

Is there a straightforward pre-lexical pathway?

A

Speech was observed in posterior and ventral regions - not exclusively in anterior
Therefore there are multiple pre-lexical routes

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7
Q

Left inferior & middle Frontal Gyrus is associated with

A

It is Broca’s area

- Associated with word retrieval when articulation is controlled

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8
Q

Left anterior Insula cortex

A

Articulatory planning

AIC

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9
Q

Regions associated with Initiation and Execution

A

Left putamen
Pre-SMA
SMA

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10
Q

Regions associated with speech rather than general vocal sounds

A

Bilateral head of caudate

Bilateral Anterior cingulate

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11
Q

Brain regions associated with sentence comprehension of implausible sentences

A

Left & Right Pars Opercularis & Orbitalis

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12
Q

Brain regions associated with sentence comprehension of plausible sentences

Price 2010

A

Temporal and Parietal Regions

- there is an overlap between sentence production and comprehension

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13
Q

Articulator silent movements

A

bilateral activation of silent syllable repition - therefore ‘pure’ articulation
- unrelated to asymmetrical language production

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14
Q

2 networks for speech motor control/Articulatory Network

A

1) Preparation

2) Execution

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15
Q

sMA ==> IFG & AIC ==> Superior Cerebellum

A

Preparative Loop

iFG = Broca
AIC = Anterior Insula Cortex
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16
Q

Execution loop

8-9s

A

Motor Cortex ==> Thalamus & Putamen => Inferior Cerebellum

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17
Q

Preparative Loop

3-5s

A

SMA ==> iFG & AIC ==> Superior Cerebellum

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18
Q

Motor Cortex ==> Thalamus & Putamen ==> Inferior Cerebellum

A

Execution Loop

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19
Q

Dorsal Stream consists of:

A

Articulatory Network & Sensorimotor interface

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20
Q

What is FAT?

A

Frontal Aslant Tract

Connects iFG ==> Supp. Motor area ==> pre-SMA

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21
Q

What tract connects to Cranial Nerves V & XI

A

Corticobulbar tract

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22
Q

Cranial Nerves associated with Articulation

A

V - Trigeminal
XI - accessory cranial nerve
XII - Hypoglossal nerve
portion of VII - Facial Nerve

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23
Q

Assessments:

A

Children’s Speech Intelligibility Measure

  • 3-10 year
  • Articulation intelligibility

Goldman-Fristoe of Articulation

  • 2-21y
  • Articulation/phonological errors

Verbal Motor Production Assessment for children (VMPAC)

  • 3-12 years
  • neuromotor function
  • Sequencing of speech & non-speech (dysarthria vs. dyspraxia)

Non – standardised

  • SALT assessment of speech samples
  • Acoustic and instrumental assessments
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24
Q

Late talkers
Vowel errors
Precision and consistency of speech movements are impaired: Inconsistent errors

A

Childhood Apraxia of Speech
A.k.a dyspraxia of speech

==> planning/programming

25
Q
  • Reduced diadochokinetic scores
  • Slower speech rate
  • Nasality
  • Reduced vocal quality
A

Dysarthria – neuromuscular => control/execution

26
Q

Motor speech disorder – not otherwise specified

A

Speech, prosody and voice behaviour, not associated with apraxia/dysarthria

27
Q

CAS Defined:

A

Childhood Apraxia of Speech
1-2% of children
An idiopathic condition

> Precision and consistency of speech movements are impaired
No neuromuscular deficits
Deficit in planning and programming movements for speech
Inconsistent errors on consonants and vowels
Lengthened and disrupted coarticulatory transitions
Inappropriate prosody – overfocus on sequence?

28
Q

Speech disorder caused by infarct (esp. left) or bilateral Corticobasal degeneration or Neurodegenerative disorders

A

Dysarthria

29
Q

Left IFG/insular region infarct

A

Apraxia of Speech/Broca’s aphasia

30
Q

Neurological Disorders associated with Speech disorders

A

Epilepsy
Genetic
metabollic
Syndromic

  • no infarcts found - Normal MRI in 60%.
31
Q

FOXP2 gene mutation

A

Abnormal Bilateral GM in: perisylvian & rolandic cortices, BG and cerebellum

32
Q

Abnormal MRI in epilepsy

A

Rolandic/Perisylvian

- Disrupted speech planning/programming cortices MAY be at the root of epilepsy CAS – PM and Broca

33
Q

Galactosaemia

A 
Delayed/absent myelination in:
- CC
- Periventricular region
- Deep WM anomolies
&
Cerebellar atrophy
34
Q

No evidence of:

A

unilateral lesions = CAS

LH lesions being more associated than RH – all cases = bilateral

35
Q

Neural Basis of Dyarthria

A 
27% metabolic
20% miscellaneous
- Infantile CP
17% Syndromes 
11% tumour
10% traumatic
7% epilepsy
5% infarcts
3% degenerative
36
Q

Neural impact of Childhood dysarthria in Metabolic conditions

A

Bilateral WM changes & Hypomyelination
& maybe ?Corticobulbar tract

Gangliosidosis & Wilson’s diseases
->BG affected bilaterally

37
Q

Syndromic Conditions associated with Childhood Dysarthria due to:
Bilateral Perisylvian and Opercular cortices infarcts

A

either Acquired/migration
Worster-dought
Congenital Bilateral perisylvian Syndrome
Bilateral opercular syndrome

38
Q

Neural basis of Syndromic Conditions & Childhood Dysarthria associated with cerebellar (vermis) development

A

Joubert Syndrome
Congenital non-progressive cerebellar ataxia
Opsoclonus-myoclonus

39
Q

Tumours & Childhood Dysarthria

A

-> Posterior Fossa Tumours

Damage to:

  • Vermis, paravermis, lateral hemipsheres
  • Fasigial and interposed nuclei
40
Q

Type of Epilepsy most associated with speech disorder

A

Rolandic Epilepsy

41
Q

Infarcts associated with Dysarthria

A

= multifocal infarcts in brainstem and thalamus

LH reporting bias
Report during acute phase AND 1 study found resolution after a few months

42
Q

Neurodegenerative & Dysarthria

A

BG dysfunction

- however overall inconclusive

43
Q

Brain changes most associated with Dysarthria:

A

Bilateral:
Cerebellum
Brainsteam
cortex

Severity of speech disorder location of brain changes

44
Q

Aetiology of Childhood VS. Adult Dysarthria

A

Aetiology:
Infarcts rare
Neurodegenerative rare

45
Q

Neurology of Childhood Vs Adult Dysarthria

A
  • Bilateral

- No LH dominance – plasticity? Or general non-dominance?

46
Q

Motor Hemispherectomy outcomes:

A

Dense hemiplegia

No fine or finger hand movement

47
Q

Motor Speech Hemispherectomy outcomes:

A
  • Motor speech
  • Good conversational outcome
  • Few particular errors
  • No different in LH/RH group
  • All have mild-moderate dysarthria
  • Verbal and non-verbal sequencing diff. – ‘dyspraxic’

Language – some preserved vocabulary

48
Q

Neurological Vulnerability of Prems

A

Reduced cortical grey matter
Reduced total white matter
Brain injury detectable at birth

Common outcome:
==> Speech and language difficulties
==> Motor limitations

49
Q

Phonological awareness difficulties & Oromotor difficulties were seen in…

A

Adolescents that were born prem

50
Q

Neurological underpinning of speech diffiuclities in Prems

A

Posterior limb of IC

  • Corticospinal
  • Corticobulbar

BUT - no neurological findings

51
Q

Severe Verbal Dyspraxia & Spastic Dysarthria

A

KE Family

52
Q

Mormophological abnormalities underpinned by…

A

Subtle bilateral pathology
Less Grey Matter
>Caudate nucleus
>Inferior frontal gyrus

Covert language organisation is atypical
Overt non-word repetition is underactive

53
Q

TBI & Dysarthria

==>Neural Correlates

A
  • Increase activation in left motor speech regions

Speech characteristic score = Left dorsal track (FA/RD) and right ventral track (volume)

Facial Oromotor Control Scores = Left dorsal track (FA/RD) & right ventral track (volume)

54
Q

Better speech outcomes following TBI were associated with:

A

Increased recruitment of Broca’s area

->use Broca’s area for compensation

55
Q

Dysarthria in the TBI+ group characterised by:

A
  • Articulation: imprecise consonants and vowels
  • Prosody: reduced rate of speech
  • Resonance: hypernasal speech
  • Phonation: hoarse and breathy voice quality
  • Respiration: forced respiration with audible inspiration
56
Q

Better outcomes associated with:

A

Unilateral/hemispheroctomy = better outcomes

57
Q

Language network organisation

A

Brain organisation may be ‘atypical’ in language tasks

58
Q

Speech disorders mainly underpinned by…

A

WM = motor speech disorders

Module 7 (13 decks)

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