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Module 7 > Cerebellum & EF > Flashcards

Cerebellum & EF Flashcards

1
Q

The purpose of our brain

A

Control over movement

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2
Q

How does the brain engage with our environment?

A

Object recognition
Spatial recognition – object location
Detect movement & engage in voluntary action

  • We are either thinking about doing OR doing
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3
Q

Types of movement we need to learn to manage our environment:

A

Predictable and unpredictable:

Predictable:
Fixed, routine automatic responses

Unpredictable
Novel and require flexible responses

SO we need both habit and thinking systems that interact

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4
Q

What are the 2 re-entrant systems

A

Cortico-striatal system - reward & Categorisation

Cerebro-cerebellar system

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of re-entrant systems?

A
  • Closed systems that connect 2 or more brain regions together
  • couple the function of multiple brain area
  • Non-direct
    • Via thalamus or 1/2 afferents/efferents that cross deep cerebellar nuclei
  • Closed loop
  • they allow the cerebellum to generate models of the brain
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6
Q

Connections between cerebellum & Cortex

A

Anterior cerebellum ==> Sensorimotor

Posterior cerebellum ==> ‘cognitive region’
PFC + Parietal Association area

Vermal Region
Damage = affective/behavioural malformations

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7
Q

Which 2 brain areas have grown in sync?

A

PFC + Cerebellum have grown in sync

Balsters, Joshua et al (2014)

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8
Q

Functions of the cerebellum:

A

movement, Cognition & Affect

LOTS of overlap between large regions of cortex + subcortical regions in tandem
- Serves consciously controlled + automatic adaptive behaviour

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9
Q

Assigned pathway to brain function

A

We can’t distinguish Perception + Cognition + Action; overlap makes it difficult to distinguish perception, cogntiion and action

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10
Q

What does the Ecological Perspective to Brain Organisation postulate?

A
  • The control of interactive behavior involves competition between parallel sensorimotor control loops
  • Neural representations involved in this control are pragmatic and dependent upon the environment
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11
Q

‘Cool’ Executive functioning is:

A 
Meta-cognitive 
Top down
Under deliberate conscious control
- Problem solving
- Planning/goal setting
- Fluency
- Concept formation 
- Self-directed attention/shifting
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12
Q

‘Hot’ EF is:

A

Emotional
Bottom up
- Affected by dysregulation and arousal problems
- Coordinating cognitive with motivation

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13
Q

Brain areas involved in EF

A

Cerebellum + Cortex + BG

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14
Q

Role of BG & Cerebellum in EF

A

Do not not have the capacities for sensory processing and motor programming
BUT
Play central role in deciding what information is or is not used by the cortex

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15
Q

Role of the cortex in EF

A

has sensory capacities + motor programming that they use for calculation

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16
Q

Is EF unique to humans?

A

No - all animals have the capacity to problem solve and engage in goal directed behaviour

17
Q

What % of brain volume does the cerebellum encompass?

A

10%

18
Q

What % of neurons does the cerebellum hold?

A

80%

19
Q

When does the cerebellum develop?

A

3rd trimester - therefore susceptible to premature injury

19% of prems have cerebellar injury

20
Q

How is the CB involved in action?

A

Through interactions between the thalamus, neocortex and CB - cerebro-cerebellar circuit:

->the CB helps the brain decided WHEN to act

  • > how to act
  • refined rhythm, rate and force

-> shift responses according to a situation

21
Q

Feed-forward model: Cerebro-cellerbellar circuit & Movement

A
  • Sensory information and feedback is fed from the cortex
    this allows the CB to refine movement accordingly
    & refine movement over time and practice
22
Q

Cerebellum & social cognition

A

Social cognition requires you to be constantly online - therefore it needs the cerebro-cerebellar system to be intact

23
Q

How does the CB develop automaticity

A

Creates automaticity: through the repetition of movement & integration of feedback the CB obtains more information & become more accurate

It creates inverse models

24
Q

What is a cerebellar inverse model?

A

It is a model that facilitates automaticity to develop

They are: rapid, coordinated, highly skilled movement (and thought) that occur at an unconscious level, outside the awareness of cortically based working memory

How they are carried out:
inverts the information flow of the forward model by inputting the desired goal of the movement, i.e. its desired sensory consequences, and back calculating the motor commands that would be required to achieve this. In other words it is the inverse model that actually generates the programme of motor commands to make the movement

25
Q

Disordered rate, rhythm or force of the behaviour

A

Dysmetria

Over or under-shooting in an attempt to match movement to environment

26
Q

Symptoms of CAS

A

Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome a.k.a Schmahmann’s syndrome

Attentional Control
Emotional Control
Autism Spectrum
Psychosis Spectrum
Social skill set
27
Q

Behaviour clusters of CAS

A

Behaviours are clustered into positive (overshooting/exageratted) or negative (undershoot/underrepresented)

e.g.
Inattentiveness vs. Obsessional thought

28
Q

Cerebro- cellebellar circuit & ASD

Posterior vermis Limbic area

A

Posterior vermis Limbic area

Affective dysregulation
Social processing deficits
Irritability

29
Q

Cerebro- cellebellar circuit & ASD:

Anterior Lobe somatosensory

A

Stereotyped & repetitive behaviour

Motor impairment

30
Q 
Cerebro- cellebellar circuit & ASD:
Anterior Vermis (VIIIA & VIIIB)  somatosensory
A

Stereotyped & repetitive behaviour

31
Q

Cerebro- cellebellar circuit & ASD:

Right Crus 1 & II (Posterior Lobe) fronto-language areas

A

CB (Posterior Lobe) fronto-language areas:

Language Deficits
Social Cognition Deficits
Theory of mind deficits
Imitation impairment 
Stereotyped and Repetitive behaviours
32
Q

Cerebrocellebellar circuit & ASD

A

Disruptions to the cerebro-cerebellar circuit has been implicated in ASD

33
Q

What to consider when thinking about EF in clinical practice:

A
  • consider problems navigating rate, rhythm and force of emotions and behaviour
  • our ability to automatise and anticipate is key for adaptive functioning
34
Q

Neurodevelopmental Disorders & EF

A
  • > Ability to make and implement effective, adaptive decisions about what to do, when to do it and how to do it
  • > difficulty with Bringing intentions to constructive execution
  • > Sensorimotor difficulties – sensory meltdown
  • > Poor automaticity burden higher order control
  • ->Too much of your brain is used & slows down performance

->Trouble developing internal models makes it hard to generalise effectively

Module 7 (13 decks)

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