Language Flashcards
Broca
motor speech, left inferior frontal
Hemiplegia/hemiparesis- paralysis or weakness on one side
Averbia- loss of action words
Wernicke
understand speech, superior temporal cortex
Paraphasia-sound substitutions/word substitutions
Anomia-inability to name people/objects
Supramarginal gyrus
repetition of heard speech
Conduction aphasia
good spontaneous speech/comprehension, but paraphasia (substitute words), can’t repeat/name things, effortful speech,
Who is tan
M. Leborgne
anterior left hemisphere damage, levels 2/3 in photo
Speak a heard word
- Primary auditory
- Wernicke
- Arcuate fasciculus
- Broca’s
- Motor Cortex
Speak a written word
- primary visual cortex
- angular gyrus–> decodes image
- Wernicke
- Broca’s area
- Motor cortex
Angular Gyrus
decodes image, associates word with visual form
Arcuate fasciculus
Cortex –> Cortex same side, association
What is wrong with connectionist model?
Arcuate fasciculus actually terminates in vicinity of precentral gyrus.
Mirror neurons when copying suggest language is more of a motor model
bilingual
different subregions for different languages, but bilingual early? Overlap
Passively viewing words
Passively listening to words
View- posterior areas
listen- superior temporal region
Actively read/repeat word
Actively come up with association word
Read/repeat- motor areas, NOT BROCA, just supplementary primary motor areas
Language processing- engage Broca’s areas
KE family and FOXP2 gene
thinning grey matter/cerebellum, frontal cortex, basal ganglia.
Acquire some language disorders, but not cerebellum
Dyslexia
contradictions: symmetry and asymmetry
Planum Temporal/Heschl’s gyrus
Deep dyslexia
substitute words (cow/horse)
hates abstract words
sees whole but not parts of words, can’t read nonsense words
Surface dyslexia
Phonemic, sound words
Not in phonetic languages (ex: Italian)
Planum temporal
symmetrical is dyslexics, normally asymmetrical
Junction parietal/temporal
asymmetrical in dyslexics, should be symmetrical
Ectopia
in area it’s not supposed to be- migrated to wrong layer
Dysplasia
any neuropathology that results from development
Weird problem with Dyslexia
differences in activation/organization, some intervention helps, but resists plasticity
A.R. Lurium? patients: Temporal Occipital Damage
Bad at drawings, but free hand is ridiculously bad
A.R. Lurium: Parieto-Occipital region tumor
RH broken, no left visual info, only draws right side
A.R. Lurium: Occipital Language Tumor
Doesn’t know written language
Thinks pictures are a foreign language
After 15 days, recovered
Awareness/visual reconstruction
A.R. Lurium: Occipital/Parietal-Occipital Damage
Put crosses on object, forgets what it is.
Put lines on a word, can’t read it
Would fail “prove you’re not a robot” test
A.R. Lurium: premotor (lack of inhibition)
left premotor region, keep drawing circle,
Compulsive movement (can’t stop drawing)
A.R. Lurium: Extreme frontal lobe lesions
instructions vs. what is drawn
Can copy stuff, but given verbal instructions they can’t do it
Can’t write
Agraphia
Can’t read
Alexia
Neologism
made up words
Word deaf
can’t understand spoken- temporal damage
Word blind
can’t understand written- angular cortex
Conduction aphasia (can’t repeat words) =
arcuate fasiculus damage
Anterior aphasics
difficulty comprehending some aspects of speech in addition to expression problems
Posterior aphasics
make speech production errors despite fluency
Motor theory of language
Anterior: phonemic units of speech
posterior: string speech together
ERP: N400
word meanings error in temporal
ERP: P600
grammatical error
phoneme
sound produced for language
morpheme
smallest grammatical unit of language (un- fathom -able)
Semantics
meanings of words/sentences
Syntax
grammatical rules
Pragmatics
context in which speech sound is uttered
