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Biological Psychology > Exam 1: Ch. 1, 2, & 7 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Ch. 1, 2, & 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Glial Cell function

A

Nonneuronal cell

Provide structural, nutritional, and other types of support to the brain

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2
Q

Neuron Doctrine

A

1) Brain is composed of separate cells that are distinct structurally, metabolically, and functionally
2) Information is transmitted from one neuron to the next across tiny gaps

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3
Q

Neuron Organelle Functions:

  1. Mitochondria
  2. Cell Nucleus
  3. Ribosomes
A
  1. Mitochondria- produce energy
  2. Cell Nucleus- contains genes encoded in DNA
  3. Ribosomes- translate genetic instructions from cell nucleus into proteins
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4
Q

Input zone

A

receives info from other neurons

dendrites

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5
Q

Cell body

A

nucleus, usually integration zone

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6
Q

multipolar neuron

A

multiple dendrites

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7
Q

bipolar neuron

A

single dendrite and single axon

sensory systems-vision

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8
Q

unipolar neuron

A

single process that emerges form the cell body and extends in two directions.
Integration zone is at base of dendritic branches

Touch information

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9
Q

Axon

A

single extension from nerve cell that carries AP from the cell body to other neurons. serves as conduction zone for electrical signals

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10
Q

axon terminal

A

output zone

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11
Q

Motor Neurons

A

synapse on muscles. can also control organs and glands

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12
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

carry messages from periphery back to spinal cord and brain.

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13
Q

majority of neurons

A

interneurons- input and output to other neurons.

Axons are short, unlike motor and sensory

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14
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

a gap of 20-40 nanometers that separates the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

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15
Q

Histology

A

scientific study of the composition of tissue

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16
Q

Nissl stains

A

cell stain that reveals all cell bodies by staining RNA.
Used to measure cell body size and density of cells in particular regions

ER

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17
Q

Golgi Stains

A

label only a small minority of neurons in a sample

but stain very deeply and completely, revealing fine details of cell structure such as branches of dendrites and axons.

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18
Q

autoradiography

A

histological technique that shows the distribution of radioactive chemicals in tissues.

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19
Q

immunohistochemistry (IHC)

A

technique in which labeled complimentary nucleic probes are used to identify cells expressing specific messenger RNA transcripts, reflecting the activation of specific genes of interest.

creating antibodies against protein of interest
ex: c-fos

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20
Q

5 viewpoints explore biology of behavior

A
  1. Describe
  2. Evolution
  3. Development
  4. Mechanisms
  5. Applications

DAMED

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21
Q

Trait that is passed on from a common ancestor to two or more descendant species.

A

Conserved

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22
Q

Process by which an individual changes in the course of its life time

A

ontogeny

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23
Q

Alter structure/function of brain or body to see how alteration changes behavior

A

somatic interventions

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24
Q

Intervening in a behavior of an organism and looking for resultant changes in body structure or function

A

behavioral interventions

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25
Q

Brain-Behavior Relations

A

correlation

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26
Q

Breaking into smaller parts to understand

A

reductionism

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27
Q

Using radioactively labeled lengths of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA)- labels only neurons in which a gene of interest has been turned on

A

in situ hybridization

look at what genes are doing

ribopros instead of antibodies, reverse complement, binds to RNA, gets it to stain and give signal

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28
Q

substances that are taken up by neurons and transported over the routes of their axons.

Anterograde- injected near dendrites/cell bodies (targets)

Retrograde- injected near terminals, reveals source

A

tract tracing

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29
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

all molecules synthesized are transported in various vesicles (packaging proteins/NT)

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30
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

nissel substance, protein synthesis

Stable LTP requires synthesis of proteins

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31
Q

Ribosomes

A

ribosomes –> mRNA –> aminos

sequencing of amino acids to proteins

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32
Q

Mitochondria

A

creates energy

Matrix, outer membrane, inner membrane, cristae

Fat/Sugar/Protein –> Pyruvic Acid + O2 –> ATP + CO2

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33
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Barrier to water soluble ions

Estrogen/steroids have receptors have molecules that will pass right through

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34
Q

Structural supports

A

Microtubule- 20nm
Neurofilament-10nm
Microfilament (actin)-5 nm

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35
Q

Synthesis of proteins

A

transcription/translation

Nucleus –> DNA –> genes –> mRNA in cytoplasm

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36
Q

Specificity - synapses change requires

A

protein synthesis in cell body

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37
Q

Primary structure

A

aminos

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38
Q

Secondary

A

coils (helix)

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39
Q

Tertiary structure

A

folds

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40
Q

Quaternary

A

different subunits come together

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41
Q

c-FOS

A

look at active cells

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42
Q

Astrocytes

A

Regulate capillaries
Supply neuron with blood
in situ with other cell types

Most common
Form BBB
glutamate/GABA cycle

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43
Q

Microglia

A

immune function, engulf debris, cause swelling, grow as they absorb blood

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44
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

CNS myelination

1 can myelinate several axons at once

45
Q

Schwann

A

PNS myelination

1:1 ratio

46
Q

Ependymal glia

A

line cavities
form layer on fluid surfaces
Cross section through cilia: 9 segments

47
Q

What controls blood in vessels, surrounds lumin, but not part of BBB, rather nonneural cells controlling tension in blood vessel

A

Peri-sites

48
Q

Oligodendrocytes have no-go protein that schwann does not have

A

it inhibits growth/regeneration. CNS is immunologically privileged.

49
Q

Fibrous astrocytes

A

White Matter

50
Q

Protoplasmic Astrocytes

A

grey matter

51
Q

Satellite cells

A

PNS
cover nerve surface
support, structure, provide nutrients

52
Q

1

A

olfactory
Sensory
smell

53
Q

2

A

optic
sensory
vision

54
Q

3

A

oculomotor
motor
most eye movement

55
Q

4

A

trochlear
motor
moves eye

56
Q

5

A

trigeminal
both
face sensation, mastication, sinuses, teeth, jaw muscles

57
Q

6

A

abducens
motor
abducts the eye

58
Q

7

A

facial
both
facial expression, taste, salivary glands, tear glands

59
Q

8

A

vestibulocochlear
sensory
auditory/balance

60
Q

9

A

Glossopharyngeal
Both
Taste, gag reflex,

61
Q

10

A

Vagus
Both
Gag reflex, parasympathetic innervation, internal organs

62
Q

11

A

spinal accessory
motor
shoulder shrug/neck muscles

63
Q

12

A

hypoglossal
motor
swallowing, speech: Throat muscles

64
Q

DTI- diffusion tensor imaging- fraction anisotropy

A

Diffusion of water in axons
Visualize axonal connections between regions
form of MRI

Ansiotropy- more in one direction than the other
Computer figures where tract most likely to go

65
Q

Forebrain: 2 main sections

A

Forebrain and Diencephalon

66
Q

Forebrain

A

Cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system

67
Q

Diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus

68
Q

Mesencephalon

69
Q

Hindbrain: 2 main parts

A

Metencephalon, myencephalon

70
Q

Metencephalon

A

Cerebellum

Pons

71
Q

Myelencephalon

72
Q

Association tracts

A

cortex to cortex, same hemisphere

ex: Cingulum, uncinate, fasciculus

73
Q

Commissure

A

Cortex to cortex, opposition hemisphere

Ex: Corpus C

74
Q

Projection tracts

A

Cortex to subcortical structures (both directions)

75
Q

CSF made by ____ and exits from ___

A

choroid plexus

4th ventricle

76
Q

Medial/frontal/parietal part of brain: Artery

77
Q

Limbic system/side exterior of brain: Artery

78
Q

Medial occuptial, ventral temporal lobe: artery

79
Q

____ stroke occurs when ruptured artery allows blood to leak into the brain

A

hemorrhagic

80
Q

___ stroke when clots occur

81
Q

GP and putamen make up the

A

lentiform nucleus

82
Q

Parkinson’s: need to know

A

Loss of neurons in substantia nigra.

No DA projections, alters balance of excitatory/inhibitory

Weaker output thalamus –> Cortex

83
Q

Computerized Tomography (CT)

A

X-ray scan
Good: Quick, available, gross image, cheap

However, not good resolution

84
Q

MRI

A

Bad: Expensive
Good: high resolution

85
Q

fMRI

A

Good: spatial (temporal)
Bad: speed/detail

86
Q

EEG

A

Good: Speed/detail
Bad: spatial (temporal)

87
Q

PET

A

not good at either

88
Q

Transcranial Magnetic stimulation

A

stimulate/inhibit certain brain areas

non-invasive
electromagnetic coils
OCD/depression
Pulsed magnetic field
stimulated cortical region
89
Q

Cortical Layer 1

A

Molecular layer
few cell bodies
Astrocytes, run parallel

90
Q

Cortical Layer 2

A

External Granular Layer

dendrites to layer 1

91
Q

Cortical Layer 3

A

External pyramidal

92
Q

Cortical Layer 4

A

Internal Granules

Mostly stellate (inhibitory), local projections only

93
Q

Cortical Layer 5

A

Internal Pyramidal Medium –> large cells

94
Q

Cortical Layer 6

A

Multiform: different cell types, fusiform cells

95
Q

Spinal cord division

A 
Cervical-8
Thoracic-12
Lumbar-5
Sacral-5
Coccygeal-1
96
Q

Sensory enters _____, motor exits ____

A

dorsal horn

ventral horn

97
Q

What is between 4th/3rd ventricles

A

cerebral aqueduct

98
Q

Donal Hebbian

A

Showed plasticity- experience is recorded in brain as structural change

99
Q

Pericocial

A

animals well developed before birth

100
Q

Altricial

A

animals not prepared, need parental investment

101
Q
  1. Neurogenesis
A

Neural cells divide in ventricular zone

Cells divide rapidly

some cells level and make marginal zone

102
Q
  1. Cell Migration
A

migrate to outer cortex first

Assisted by radial glia

Aggregation- not differentiated, but group together

103
Q
  1. Cell Differentiation
A

Gradual, cell-cell interactions, chemical signals tells other cells how to differentiate

104
Q
  1. Synaptogenesis
A

create synaptic connections

Neurotrophic factors: chemical signals produced by specific target cells

Growth cones- specialized ends of axons in developing neurons

Processing forming-dendrites/branches

105
Q
  1. Cell Death
A

Growth cones that fine their targets lives, those that don’t die

106
Q
  1. Synapses rearrangement
A

addition or loss of synapses throughout life

107
Q

Intrinsic factors

A

chromosomal aberrations

Single-gene effects

108
Q

Extrinsic factors

A

drugs, cell/cell interactions (neurotrophic, induction, thyroid) neural activity

109
Q

Growth Cones

A

Main part is lamellipodium, branches are filopodia, target cells release factors that signal to the growth factors

Biological Psychology (9 decks)

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