Language Flashcards
Areas of Language
Form
Content
Function (Use)
form
phonology
orphology
syntax
content
semantics
function
pragmatics
SLI
children who have trouble developing language in the absence of any reasons or cause.
Suprasegmentals
-suprasegmentals, refer to the melodic and rhythmic elements of the phonological system.
- Stress
- Juncture
- Intonation
Paralinguistic elements of communication
are not linguistic elements. They go with the linguistic elements.
- voice
- resonance
- timing/latency
Nonverbal Elements of Communication
- facial gesture
- limb gesture
- gaze
- head and body movement
- physical distance or proxemics
erivational morphemes
added to a word to create a new word or a new form of a word.
Lexical semantics
words (forms (morphemes) and meanings (sememes)) which constitute the generic, culturally-shared knowledge of the speakers of the language.
discourse pragmatics
how linguistically coded propositions fit into a wider communicative context.
Organization of a lexicon-
- Meaning
- Semantic category
- Synonyms/Antonyms
- Meaning relationship
- Phonological info
- Morphological info
- Syntactic info
- Pragmatic
homographs
word with multiple meanings all of whose forms sound alike and are spelled the same way
Homonyms
-A word with multiple meanings all of whose forms sound alike and are spelled differently
Syntax
sequential and temporal
Transitive
Transitive clauses have two nouns — a subject noun and an object noun.
Example: I ate dinner
intransitive verbs
Intransitive clauses have a single noun — a subject noun.
Example: She slept well
Major clause types
- Declarative-
- Interrogative
- Imperative
- Exclamatory
-Declarative
making a statement
-Imperative
-giving a command, making a request
Pragmatics (examples of)
Topic maintenance Coherence inferencing Ellipsis Register
Cohesive devices
things that make a sequence hang together
Ellipsis
linguistic feature that refers to forms in the talk which certain elements are not present.
Register
-speaking in the appropriate way for different situations with different people.
different levels of meaning in language:
- Lexical meaning
- referential meaning
- propositional meaning
- affective
- interactive or social meaning
- linguistic/discourse meaning
referential meaning
involves the meaning of words and what they refer to.
propositional meaning-
the who, what, when, why of an utterance.
Standard Deviation
-average difference of scores from the mean score on a standardized test
68% of the scores fall within 1 SD of the mean, with 96% of the scores falling within 2 SDs.
Normal Curve
A normal distribution represents the tendency for scores to fall around the mean (central tendency)
Scaled score
mean?
SD?
mean at 100
SD at 15.
Stanines
Mean?
SD?
5
2
Percentile Rank
percentage of subjects in the norming population who scored at or below a certain raw score
3 Kinds of Standard scores
- Z-score
- T-score
- Scaled score
Z-score
corresponds to the number of SDs from the mean score of 0.
t-score
-sets the mean at 50 and SD at 10
Scaled score
-sets the mean at 100 and SD at 15
Children with Limited Language
- A child who is largely nonverbal
- A child who speaks largely at the single-word level
- A child who is using early multiword combinations
Developmental Language Disorders
Child’s diagnostic category does not explain or predict language behavior language behavior.
Speech Sound Disorders
- Articulation disorder – sensorimotor based
- Phonological disorder – linguistically/system based
- Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) – sensorimotor based
Components of the Final Motor Act of Articulating
Biological component
Cognitive-linguistic component
Sensorimotor-acoustic
What does Biological component include?
- Vocal tract and articulators
- Nervous system > motor and sensory functions
- Auditory, tactile, kinesthetic, proprioceptive
What is the Cognitive-linguistic component?
Semantics, morphosyntax, pragmatics
-Phonemic elements, phonological rules
What does Sensorimotor-acoustic include?
- Motor programming and motor learning of the sequences of physical movement in a wide variety of phonetic contexts
- Motor production in the vocal tract > acoustic vibrations > ears of the listener/interpretation
Misarticulation Categories
- Substitution
- Omissions
- Distortions
- Addition
Independent analysis describes the child’s productions in….
features, segments, syllable shape
Relational analysis transcribes the child’s productions and compares them to the adult target forms in…..
Determination of correct vs. incorrect productions
Nonstuttering Dysfluent vs. Incipient stutterer
Frequency
9 or less vs
10 or more per 100 words
Nonstuttering Dysfluent
predominant type
Whole word and phrase repetitions, interjections, revisions
Nonstuttering Dysfluent Unit repetitions
No more than 2 unit repetitions (b-b-ball)
Nonstuttering Dysfluent
Voicing and air flow
Little or no difficulty starting or sustaining air flow; continuous phonation during part word repetitions
Nonstuttering Dysfluent
Intrusion of the schwa
Schwa not produced
ba- ba- baby
Stuttering
Predominant type
Part word repetitions, audible and silent prolongations, broken words
Acquired Language Disorders
- Dependant on severity of injury and language development at time of injury
- First 3-12 months post injury spontaneous recovery
- Typically have residual language problems
Trade offs
Increased complexity in one area may result in decreased complexity or accuracy in another area
