Language

Question 1

oral messages- powerful language seen as more persuasive than powerless Written messages- no difference in persuasiveness between powerful and powerless language

Answer 1

sparks et al 1998

Question 2

Parton et al 2002

Answer 2

Use of hedges and hesitations in employment interviews- powerless language- they seem less competent and employable

Question 3

Swearing, emotion-laiden items, metaphor

Answer 3

Examples of intense langauge

Question 4

teachers who used powerless language were viewed as less dynamic and credible

Answer 4

Haleta 1996

Question 5

Blankenship and Craig 2007

Answer 5

tag questions are more powerful when used by high credibility speaker

Question 6

Bradac et al 1980

Answer 6

Reinforcement Theory. Positive evaluation if already well-disposed to position advocated. Intense language can enhance this effect.

Question 7

research- decision had to be made about new assessment at uni- the member who used more powerful language in email saying their opinion was seen as more attractive, credible, and persuasive; their points were taken

Answer 7

Adkins and Brashers 1995

Question 8

hesitations/ hedges/ intensifiers/ polite forms/m tag questions/ disclaimers/ deictic phrases

Answer 8

types of powerless language

Question 9

tag questions are more powerful when used by high credibility speaker

Answer 9

Blankenship and Craig 2007

Question 10

Information processing theory- language intensity makes the persuader’s position seem more extreme compared to our own position (even if it isn’t) -To be persuaded we attend to the message, compare it to our own position, and then accept or reject it

Answer 10

Hamilton and Stewart 1995

Question 11

Haleta 1996

Answer 11

teachers who used powerless language were viewed as less dynamic and credible

Question 12

Language expectancy theory

Answer 12

we have expectations about what is normal language behaviour when trying to persuade other people. Violation of these expectations can help or harm the effectiveness of these messages depending on the credibility of the source

Question 13

Reinforcement Theory. Positive evaluation if already well-disposed to position advocated. Intense language can enhance this effect.

Answer 13

Bradac et al 1980

Question 14

Adkins and Brashers 1995

Answer 14

research- decision had to be made about new assessment at uni- the member who used more powerful language in email saying their opinion was seen as more attractive, credible, and persuasive; their points were taken

Question 15

linked with credibility- vividness can increase powerfulness if from a credible source

Answer 15

Andreoli and Worchel 1978

Question 16

Most studies lump together powerless language features

Answer 16

Problem with many studies

Question 17

Problem with many studies

Answer 17

Most studies lump together powerless language features

Question 18

Communication accommodation theory- more persuasive and credible when speaker uses the same features as addressee

Answer 18

Aune and Kikuchi 1993

Question 19

Use of hedges and hesitations in employment interviews- powerless language- they seem less competent and employable

Answer 19

Parton et al 2002

Question 20

Positive evaluation if already well-disposed to position advocated. Intense language can enhance this effect.

Answer 20

Reinforcement Theory.

Question 21

more persuasive and credible when speaker uses the same features as addressee

Answer 21

Communication accommodation theory

Question 22

Burgoon 1995

Answer 22

Language expectancy theory- we have expectations about what is normal language behaviour when trying to persuade other people. Violation of these expectations can help or harm the effectiveness of these messages depending on the credibility of the source

Question 23

females were more persuasive with males when they used powerless forms of speech females were more persuasive with other females when they used powerful speech males with males- speech style made less/no difference

Answer 23

Carli 1990

Question 24

Language expectancy theory- we have expectations about what is normal language behaviour when trying to persuade other people. Violation of these expectations can help or harm the effectiveness of these messages depending on the credibility of the source

Answer 24

Burgoon 1995

Question 25

Bostrom 1973

Answer 25

greater attitude change can occur if communicator is female using a religious/excretory/ or sexual profanity than a male -using profanity makes you less credible

Question 26

uses a wheelchair- PC handicapable- heroic confined to a wheelchair- disables abnormal- pathetic

Answer 26

scale of PC language

Question 27

Hamilton and Stewart 1995

Answer 27

Information processing theory- language intensity makes the persuader’s position seem more extreme compared to our own position (even if it isn’t) -To be persuaded we attend to the message, compare it to our own position, and then accept or reject it

Question 28

Information processing theory

Answer 28

language intensity makes the persuader’s position seem more extreme compared to our own position (even if it isn’t) -To be persuaded we attend to the message, compare it to our own position, and then accept or reject it

Question 29

greater attitude change can occur if communicator is female using a religious/excretory/ or sexual profanity than a male -using profanity makes you less credible

Answer 29

Bostrom 1973

Question 30

Reinforcement Theory.

Answer 30

Positive evaluation if already well-disposed to position advocated. Intense language can enhance this effect.

Question 31

colloquial hedges are seen as powerless e.g. sort of/ kind of Professional hedges are seen as powerful e.g. probably/ seem to

Answer 31

Durik et al 2008

Question 32

sparks et al 1998

Answer 32

oral messages- powerful language seen as more persuasive than powerless Written messages- no difference in persuasiveness between powerful and powerless language

Question 33

language intensity makes the persuader’s position seem more extreme compared to our own position (even if it isn’t) -To be persuaded we attend to the message, compare it to our own position, and then accept or reject it

Answer 33

Information processing theory

Question 34

types of powerless language

Answer 34

hesitations/ hedges/ intensifiers/ polite forms/m tag questions/ disclaimers/ deictic phrases

Question 35

we have expectations about what is normal language behaviour when trying to persuade other people. Violation of these expectations can help or harm the effectiveness of these messages depending on the credibility of the source

Answer 35

Language expectancy theory

Question 36

scale of PC language

Answer 36

uses a wheelchair- PC handicapable- heroic confined to a wheelchair- disables abnormal- pathetic

Question 37

Aune and Kikuchi 1993

Answer 37

Communication accommodation theory- more persuasive and credible when speaker uses the same features as addressee

Question 38

Carli 1990

Answer 38

females were more persuasive with males when they used powerless forms of speech females were more persuasive with other females when they used powerful speech males with males- speech style made less/no difference

Question 39

Durik et al 2008

Answer 39

colloquial hedges are seen as powerless e.g. sort of/ kind of Professional hedges are seen as powerful e.g. probably/ seem to

Question 40

Communication accommodation theory

Answer 40

more persuasive and credible when speaker uses the same features as addressee

Question 41

Andreoli and Worchel 1978

Answer 41

linked with credibility- vividness can increase powerfulness if from a credible source

Question 42

Examples of intense langauge

Answer 42

Swearing, emotion-laiden items, metaphor

Question 43

Bradac and Mulac 1984

Answer 43

Politeness forms can be powerful

Question 44

Politeness forms can be powerful

Answer 44

Bradac and Mulac 1984