Language Flashcards
Speech consists of ________ and ________.
Phonation is the sound procued by move the ______, which are muscles innervated by branches of the ______ nerve, controlled by ______ motor nuerons.
Dysphonia = ________, in whic the sounds often sound (3)
Articulation is the sound produced by ….. , which are innervated by CN (4) ….and controlled by thier associated _____ motor neurons.
What two other associations help provide precise motor coordination?
Dysarthia =
Could be caused by?
Speech consists of phonation and articulation
Phonation is the sound produced by movement the vocal cords, which are muscles innervated by branches of the vagus nerve, controlled by UPPER motor nuerons.
Dysphonia = ABNORMAL PHONATION, sounds often sound: hoarse, whispering or breathy
Articulation is the sound produced by: actions and varied positions of the lips, tongue, palate and pharyx – innervated by CN: VII, IX, X, XII and controlled by their associated UPPER motor neurons
Precise motor coordination also is helped by cerebellar and extrapyramidal systems
Dysarthia = abnormal articulation, sounds are often slurred, choppy or indistin could be caused by bulbar palsy
Language, neurologically speaking is communication by…
Language, neurologically speaking is communication by…MEANS OF SYMBOLS, not limited to just production of audible sounds
(ie- reading, writing, gestures, pictures, signing, Braille, Morse code)
What vascular territory are the major language centers located in?
MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY
Comphrehension and expression/execution of language are functions of specific areas of cerebral cortex in the _______hemisphere.
The _____ [right/left] hemishere is dominant in almost all ____ handed people.
Comphrehension and expression/execution of language are functions of specific areas of cerebral cortex in the DOMINANT hemisphere.
The LEFT hemishere is dominant in almost all RIGHT-handed people and 50% of left handed
Aphasia is _______, it is a disorder of _______ language ability due to a lesion in a critical language center
causes include (5)
When is a person considered aphasic vs when a person is considered to just have deficit communication?
Is a deaf person considered aphasic?
Aphasia is ABNORMAL LANGUAGE, it is a disorder of PREVIOUSLY ACQUIRED language ability due to a lesion in a critical language center
causes include (5): ISCHEMIA, TUMOR, HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMA, DEMENTIA
Although some aphasic patients patients may speak and produce sounds, certain aspects of hteir ability to communicat are impaired, and _these same aspects are present to some degree in whichever method they communicate,_ such as reading or writing; others may lose the ability to speak but communicate normally by reading writing or other means and thus have normal language function.
A deaf person is not necessarily considered aphasic because they may exhbit normal comprehension by singing, reading and writing. Remember that to be considered aphasic, you must have deficits to some degree in the person’s different modes of communciation.
Language function should be tested in a suspected aphasic patient.
Fluency =
Comprehension=
Reptition=
Language function should be tested in a suspected aphasic patient.
Fluency = ease, facility and quality OF SPEECH regardless of content or meaning
Comprehension= should be evidenc when verbal or written commands
Reptition= intact only if a phrase from the examiner is PERFECTLY repeated by the patient
Imperfect repitition occurs with a lesion in either ______ language center, which includes _____ and _____ area OR the connecting _______ fasciculus.
Imperfect repitition occurs with a lesion in either perisylvian language center, (which includes Broca’s and Wernicke’s area) OR the connecting arcuate fasciculus.
An aphasic patient may utter a paraphasia, which is an abnormal _____ or _____ substitution.
Paraphasias are more common with lesions in _____________, particuarly with _____ aphasia.
The most extreme type of paraphasia is a ______, which sounds like a nonsensical or foreign sounding word or phrase.
An aphasic patient may utter a paraphasia, which is an abnormal WORD or SYLLABLE substitution.
Paraphasias are more common with lesions in POSTERIOR PERISYLVIAN LANGUAGE REGION, particuarly with WERNICKE’S APHASIA.
The most extreme type of paraphasia is a NEOLOGISM, which sounds like a nonsensical or foreign sounding word or phrase.
Broca’s aphasia is caused by a ______________ lesion in the _______ hempishere.
SX:
Impaired are:
Conserved:
Often seen with Broca’s apashia is ______, due to lesion that may also invovle the primary motor cortex
Broca’s aphasia is caused by a posterior inferior frontal lobe lesion in the DOMINANT hempishere.
SX: laborous and effortful, telegraphic nonfluency
Fluency is often impaired, repetition is imperfect
COMPREHENSION IS RELATIVELY PRESERVED seen further by pt being overtly frustrated aware of thier language deficit
Often seen with Broca’s apashia is RIGHT HEMIPARESIS, due to lesion that may also invovle the primary motor cortex
Wernicke’s aphasia is caused by a _________ lesion, in the ________ hemisphere
SX:
Preserved:
Impaired:
Difficulty with diagnosis of Wernicke occurs in…
Wernicke’s aphasia is caused by a POSTERIOR SUPERIOR TEMPORAL LOBE lesion, in the DOMINANT hemisphere
SX: Very fluent, but many filler words, paraphasic errors, few meaningful words
FLUENCY is preserved, such that a patietn often speaks long phrases which make little sense
COMPREHENSION IS VERY IMPAIRED and may instill paranoia in the pt who is unable to communicate with those around him/her
REPITITION IS IMPERFECT
Difficulty with diagnosis of Wernicke occurs in… CAN OCCUR IN THE ABSENCE OF HEMIPARESIS OR OTHER COMMON STROKE DEFICITS; DX IS DIFFICULT AND OFTEN TIMES IT IS THOUGH THE PT IS DRUGGED/INTOXICATED OR BESET WITH A PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS
Conduction aphasia occurs with a lesion of the ___________, which is the……
Signs are in-between Broca’s and Wernicke’s with
______ fluency, some _______ of comprehension and ______ repetition; paraphasia is _____.
Conduction aphasia occurs with a lesion of the ARCUATE FASCICULUS, which is the PATHWAY CONNECTING BROCA’S AND WERNICKE’S AREAS.
Signs are in-between Broca’s and Wernicke’s with
RELATIVELY INTACT fluency, some MILDER IMPAIRMENT of comprehension and IMPERFECT repetition; paraphasias are often present.
Global aphasia occurs with an _______ lesion that virtually damages __________.
Although the patient may appear awake, often unable to __________, in regards to commands / gestures _______, usually with __________.
Global aphasia occurs with an EXTENSIVE LESION that virtually damages THE ENTIRE PERISYLVIAN LANGUAGE REGION.
Although the patient may appear awake, often unable to SPEAK/COMMUNICATE, in regards to commands / gestures DOES NOT FOLLOW, usually with HEMIPLEGIA.
Alexia refers to impairment of ________ when the _____ cortex is disconnected from the ________, which is critical for _______
Alexia referes to impairment of READING when teh VISUAL CORTEX IS DISCONNECTED FROM THE LANGUAGE CENTERS THAT ARE CRITICAL FOR READING
Agraphia occurs when a lesion disconnects the _______ for the ______ hand from _______ critical for ________.
Agraphia occurs when a lesion disconnects the MOTOR CENTER FOR THE DOMINANT HAND FROM THE LANGUAGE CENTER CRITICAL FOR WRITING
PROSODY are analogous “ __” images of language centers in the _____ hempisphere that are concerned with a more subtle aspect of ____ language. It refers to the ____ and _____ meaning of language as conveyed by changes in (4)….
_____ cortical lesions may create ______, where these features are impaired
Opposite Wernickes –>
Opposite Brocas –>
PROSODY are analogous “MIRROR” images of language centers in the NON-DOMINANT hempisphere that are concerned with a more subtle aspect of SPOKEN language. It refers to the SEMANTIC and EMOTIONAL meaning of language as conveyed by changes in VOCAL PITCH, INFLECTION, MELODY OR TONE
NON-DOMINANT cortical lesions may create APROSODIA where these features are impaired
Opposite Wernickes –> can’t understand the emotional content in words spoken by others but when speaking, does have normal prosody / gesture.
Opposite Brocas –> Is able to understand the emotional content/mood in the speech of others but the person cannot incorporate elements of prosody when speaking.
