Language Flashcards by Katie Thurman

Speech

-communication through vocalized sounds (phonation) that form spoken words & sentences

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Phonation

-distinct sounds produced by larynx

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Phoneme

-distinct sound that contrasts with others

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Dysphonia

-disturbance of phonation causing alteration of volume (hyper and hypophonia)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Dysarthria

-disturbance of articulation caused by impaired motor control resulting in slurring of speech

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Mutism

-absence of phonation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Examination of Speech

-assess spontaneous speech, have subject read
listen for?
Speech volume: inc. in hearing deficits, dec. in vocal cord & extrapyramidal disorders (Parkinson’s disease)
Rate of Speech: inc. in fluent aphasia, dec. in non-fluent aphasia
Articulation: abnormal in many CNS & PNS disorders & in end-organ lesions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Language

-system of arbitrary symbols (sounds, written symbols, gestures) that permit communication of thoughts, ideas, emotions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Aphasia

-loss of ability for spoken and written language

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Alexia

-loss of the ability to write when no motor impairment exists

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Paraphasia

-language errors due to word or sound substitutions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Semantic Paraphasia

-substation of one word for another

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Phonemic Paraphasia

-substation of one sound for another

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Neologism

-creation of meaningless words

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Semantics

-the meaning or the interpretation of a word, sentence, or other language form (language lexicon)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Syntax

-system of rules implicit in a language, viewed as a mechanism for generating all sentences possible in that language

Prosody

-tone, inflection, volume of words & sentences that add meaning to language

What connects Wernicke’s & Broca’s?

-arcuate fasciculus and other peri-Sylvian fibers

Broca Aphasis

Perisylvian Syndromes
-excessive or motor asphasia
-nonfluent speech, difficulty with syntax, grammer, & production of individual words
-comprehension is intact (trouble with complex)
<5)
-only nouns, verbs,  adjectives 
-repetition poor, agrammatic
-paraphasias are common
areas 44 & 45

most common cause: stroke

Wernicke Aphasia

Perisylvian Syndromes
-receptive or sensory aphasia
-fluent speech, syntax, & grammer & structure of words is intact
-difficulty with comprehension of speech
-produces nonsensical words & phrases
-inc. verbal output (~200 words/min)
-poor repetition, paraphasis errors, neologism
Brodmann’s area 22, stroke is common cause

Conduction Aphasia

Perisylvian Syndromes

difficulty repeating words
both comprehension & production of language are intact
paraphasic errors are common
lesion location in the supramarginal gyrus & arcuate fasciculus
most common cause is occlusion of the angular branch of the left middle cerebral artery

Lateralization of Language

> 95% of right-handed persons are left hemisphere dominant
~65% of left-handed persons are left hemisphere dominant, 15-20% are right hemisphere dominant and the remainder have mixed dominance

Split-Brain Subject

right handed subject
can identify by touching with right hand (left brain is connected to language center)
not with left hand

Left Hemisphere Language Functions

Lexical & syntactic language
Writing
Speech

Right Hemisphere Language Functions

- Emotional coloring of language | - rudimentary speech

6 Components of Language Testing

- expression: normal verbal output 100-150 words/min; assess through spontaneous conversation - comprehension of spoken language: test ability to follow simple & complex spoken commands - Repetition: ask subject to repeat single words & phrases - Reading: ask subjects to read aloud & follow written command - Writing: ask subjects to write simple sentence - Naming: ask subject to identify common objects

Global Aphasia

Perisylvian Syndrome - both expressive & receptive language function are seriously impaired - nonfluent, common paraphasic errors - lesion involves large area of the left hemishpere - causes are similar to Broca's/Wernicke's aphasia

Transcortical Motor Aphasia

- Extra-sylvian Syndromes - uncommon aphasia similar to Broca's except that subjects are able to repeat - lesion location is left anterior frontal lobe, either superior or inferior to Broca's area, lesion of the left basal ganglia may be a rare lesion site - causes similar to Broca's

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia

- Extra-sylvian Syndromes - uncommon aphasia similar to Wernicke's except that subjects are able to repeat - lesion location is the border zone b/w the left middle cerebral and posterior cerebral arteries - causes similar to Wernicke's but also severe hypotension

Mixed Transcortical Aphasia

- Extra-sylvian Syndromes - uncommon aphasia similar to Global Aphasia except subjects are able to repeat - lesion location is the border zone b/w the left middle cerebral & anterior cerebral arteries - causes: stroke & severe hypotension

Anomic Aphasia

- Extra-sylvian Syndromes - poorly defined since all aphasias have naming difficulty - lesion location may be anywhere in language area - Gerstmann syndrome - anomia, alexia, agraphia, right-left disorientation, acalculia, finger agnosia, lesion localized to left angular gyrus (area 39)

Subcoritcal Aphasia

- Extra-sylvian Syndromes | - subjects with lesions of the left basal ganglia or left thalamus may be associated with variable forms of aphasia

Alexia without Agraphia

-Extra-sylvian Syndromes -inability to read but perserved ability to right -lesion location is the left medial occipital & medial temporal lobe involving the splenium of the corpus callosum -cause is branch occlusion of the left posterior cerebral artery (can't registrate right visual field, left info can't reach right language areas)