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Neurology > Language > Flashcards

Language Flashcards

1
Q

Speech

A

-communication through vocalized sounds (phonation) that form spoken words & sentences

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2
Q

Phonation

A

-distinct sounds produced by larynx

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3
Q

Phoneme

A

-distinct sound that contrasts with others

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4
Q

Dysphonia

A

-disturbance of phonation causing alteration of volume (hyper and hypophonia)

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5
Q

Dysarthria

A

-disturbance of articulation caused by impaired motor control resulting in slurring of speech

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6
Q

Mutism

A

-absence of phonation

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7
Q

Examination of Speech

A

-assess spontaneous speech, have subject read
listen for?
Speech volume: inc. in hearing deficits, dec. in vocal cord & extrapyramidal disorders (Parkinson’s disease)
Rate of Speech: inc. in fluent aphasia, dec. in non-fluent aphasia
Articulation: abnormal in many CNS & PNS disorders & in end-organ lesions

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8
Q

Language

A

-system of arbitrary symbols (sounds, written symbols, gestures) that permit communication of thoughts, ideas, emotions

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9
Q

Aphasia

A

-loss of ability for spoken and written language

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10
Q

Alexia

A

-loss of the ability to write when no motor impairment exists

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11
Q

Paraphasia

A

-language errors due to word or sound substitutions

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12
Q

Semantic Paraphasia

A

-substation of one word for another

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13
Q

Phonemic Paraphasia

A

-substation of one sound for another

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14
Q

Neologism

A

-creation of meaningless words

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15
Q

Semantics

A

-the meaning or the interpretation of a word, sentence, or other language form (language lexicon)

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16
Q

Syntax

A

-system of rules implicit in a language, viewed as a mechanism for generating all sentences possible in that language

17
Q

Prosody

A

-tone, inflection, volume of words & sentences that add meaning to language

18
Q

What connects Wernicke’s & Broca’s?

A

-arcuate fasciculus and other peri-Sylvian fibers

19
Q

Broca Aphasis

A 
Perisylvian Syndromes
-excessive or motor asphasia
-nonfluent speech, difficulty with syntax, grammer, & production of individual words
-comprehension is intact (trouble with complex)
<5)
-only nouns, verbs,  adjectives 
-repetition poor, agrammatic
-paraphasias are common
areas 44 & 45

most common cause: stroke

20
Q

Wernicke Aphasia

A

Perisylvian Syndromes
-receptive or sensory aphasia
-fluent speech, syntax, & grammer & structure of words is intact
-difficulty with comprehension of speech
-produces nonsensical words & phrases
-inc. verbal output (~200 words/min)
-poor repetition, paraphasis errors, neologism
Brodmann’s area 22, stroke is common cause

21
Q

Conduction Aphasia

A

Perisylvian Syndromes

  • difficulty repeating words
  • both comprehension & production of language are intact
  • paraphasic errors are common
  • lesion location in the supramarginal gyrus & arcuate fasciculus
  • most common cause is occlusion of the angular branch of the left middle cerebral artery
22
Q

Lateralization of Language

A

> 95% of right-handed persons are left hemisphere dominant
~65% of left-handed persons are left hemisphere dominant, 15-20% are right hemisphere dominant and the remainder have mixed dominance

23
Q

Split-Brain Subject

A
  • right handed subject
  • can identify by touching with right hand (left brain is connected to language center)
  • not with left hand
24
Q

Left Hemisphere Language Functions

A
  • Lexical & syntactic language
  • Writing
  • Speech
25
Q

Right Hemisphere Language Functions

A
  • Emotional coloring of language

- rudimentary speech

26
Q

6 Components of Language Testing

A
  • expression: normal verbal output 100-150 words/min; assess through spontaneous conversation
  • comprehension of spoken language: test ability to follow simple & complex spoken commands
  • Repetition: ask subject to repeat single words & phrases
  • Reading: ask subjects to read aloud & follow written command
  • Writing: ask subjects to write simple sentence
  • Naming: ask subject to identify common objects
27
Q

Global Aphasia

A

Perisylvian Syndrome

  • both expressive & receptive language function are seriously impaired
  • nonfluent, common paraphasic errors
  • lesion involves large area of the left hemishpere
  • causes are similar to Broca’s/Wernicke’s aphasia
28
Q

Transcortical Motor Aphasia

A
  • Extra-sylvian Syndromes
  • uncommon aphasia similar to Broca’s except that subjects are able to repeat
  • lesion location is left anterior frontal lobe, either superior or inferior to Broca’s area, lesion of the left basal ganglia may be a rare lesion site
  • causes similar to Broca’s
29
Q

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia

A
  • Extra-sylvian Syndromes
  • uncommon aphasia similar to Wernicke’s except that subjects are able to repeat
  • lesion location is the border zone b/w the left middle cerebral and posterior cerebral arteries
  • causes similar to Wernicke’s but also severe hypotension
30
Q

Mixed Transcortical Aphasia

A
  • Extra-sylvian Syndromes
  • uncommon aphasia similar to Global Aphasia except subjects are able to repeat
  • lesion location is the border zone b/w the left middle cerebral & anterior cerebral arteries
  • causes: stroke & severe hypotension
31
Q

Anomic Aphasia

A
  • Extra-sylvian Syndromes
  • poorly defined since all aphasias have naming difficulty
  • lesion location may be anywhere in language area
  • Gerstmann syndrome - anomia, alexia, agraphia, right-left disorientation, acalculia, finger agnosia, lesion localized to left angular gyrus (area 39)
32
Q

Subcoritcal Aphasia

A
  • Extra-sylvian Syndromes

- subjects with lesions of the left basal ganglia or left thalamus may be associated with variable forms of aphasia

33
Q

Alexia without Agraphia

A

-Extra-sylvian Syndromes
-inability to read but perserved ability to right
-lesion location is the left medial occipital & medial temporal lobe involving the splenium of the corpus callosum
-cause is branch occlusion of the left posterior cerebral artery
(can’t registrate right visual field, left info can’t reach right language areas)

Neurology (18 decks)

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