- "comparator" that compensates for error in movement by comparing intention with performance - coordination of somatic motor activity (reg. muscle tone & equilibrium) - cognition, emotion, affective processing - sequencing incoming sensory patterns & detecting temporal changes in the sequence of sensory events - anticipate & smooth out movements of trunk/limbs by slow feedback pathways (improve motor) & fast forward mech. that regulates second to second movements & keeps them on track

- imput to perkinje cells that first synapse in the cerebellar glomeruli (synapse with granule golgi cell dendrites & with Golgi axon terminals) - Granule cells then pass on info to Purkinje cell

Cerebellum & Brainstem Flashcards by Katie Thurman

Cerebellar Function

“comparator” that compensates for error in movement by comparing intention with performance
coordination of somatic motor activity (reg. muscle tone & equilibrium)
cognition, emotion, affective processing
sequencing incoming sensory patterns & detecting temporal changes in the sequence of sensory events
anticipate & smooth out movements of trunk/limbs by slow feedback pathways (improve motor) & fast forward mech. that regulates second to second movements & keeps them on track

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Vermis & Paravermian Control?

-axial musculature (neck, trunk)

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Lateral Hemispheres of Cerebellum control?

-limbs (arms, legs)

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Flocculonodular Lobe controls?

-maintaining balance

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Lateral Hemispheres of Cerebellum project to what nuclei?

-dentate nuclei

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The Paravermal Zones of Cerebellum project to what nuclei?

-globose & emboliform (interpositus nuclei)

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The Vermis of Cerebellum projects to what nuclei?

-fastigial nuclei

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Afferents & Efferents: Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

Afferents: Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract
Acoustic & Optic Information
Efferents: Dentatorubrothalamic Tract
Dentatothalamic Tract

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Afferents & Efferents: Middle Cerebellar Peduncle

Afferents: Pontocerebellar Tract
Efferents: none

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Afferents & Efferents: Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle

Afferents: Vestibulocerebellar Tract
               Olivocerebellar Tract
               Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract
Efferents: Cerebellovestibular Tract
               Cerebelloolivary Tract

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Dentatothalamic Tracts

-carry info from the lateral portions of the anterior & posterior cerebellar cortices to the thalamus & onto the contralateral motor cortex to coordinate movement in the limbs ipsilateral to the cerebellar hemisphere of origin

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Cerebelloolivary Fibers

-carry info from the vermis & flocculonodular lobes through the EGF nuclei to the vestibular nuclei, the olivary nuclei, & the brainstem reticular formation

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Cerebellar Cortex

-gray matter
-3 layers:
Molecular layer - Basket & Stellate cells
Purkinje Cell layer - Purkinje cells
Granule cell layer - Golgi & Granule Cells
-5 different neuron types

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What are the only output neurons of the cerebellar cortex?

-Purkinje cells

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What is the only direct imput to the Purkinje cells from outside the cerebelum?

-climbing fibers that have their origin in the olivary nuclei

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Mossy Fibers

imput to perkinje cells that first synapse in the cerebellar glomeruli (synapse with granule * golgi cell dendrites & with Golgi axon terminals)
Granule cells then pass on info to Purkinje cell

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Stellate & Basket Cells

-inhibitory effect on Purkinje cells

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3 Functional Divisions of Cerebellum

Vestibulocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum

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Function of Vestibulocerebellum

-coordinate eye, head, neck movements & maintains balance

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Function of Spinocerebellum

-coordinate trunk & proximal limb movements

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Function of Cerebrocerebellum

coordinate fine motor planning of limbs
anticipates sensory consequences of movements
cognitive memory of motor functions

(right controls right, left controls left)

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Clinical Signs of Cerebellar Dysfunction

unstable gait & stance with a tendency to fall, broad based gait “sailor’s gait”, reeling & drunken
jerky/unsmooth movements, intentional tremor
ataxia (dis-coordination): trunk or extremities
dysmetria of movement: goal-directed movement can over or undershoot target
eye-movement disorders: nystagmus, saccadic & smooth pursuit dysmetria
speech disorders: ataxia dysarthria w/scanning speech, difficulty to maintain speech rhythm, intonation & correct articulation

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Superior Colliculus

-functions in the control of reflex movements that orient the eyes, head, & neck in response to visual, auditory, & somatic stimuli

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Periaqueductal Gray Matter

-functions in the processing of autonomic & limbic activities & modulation of nociception

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Aqueduct

-passageway connecting 3rd & 4th ventricles

Nucleus of Edinger-Westphal

-parashymathetic innervation of the eye to constrict the iris & to the ciliary muscle to alter lens shape for accommodation

Cranial Nerve III nuclei & nerve

-motor control of eye muscles

Spinothalamic tract

-fiber pathway to thalamus for pain/temperature from periphery

Medial Lemniscus

-sensory pathway for proprioception connecting the nucleus gracilis & cuneatus with the thalamus

Medial Geniculate

-thalamic relay nuclei for auditory information

Lateral Geniculate

-thalamic relay nuclei for visual information

Cerebral Peduncle

-fiber bundles of the corticospinal tract connecting the cerebral cortex to the brainstem

Optic Tract

-optic fibers from optic chiasm to the lateral geniculate

Substantia Nigra

-one of several nuclei involved in smooth motor control; degenerates in parkinson's disease

Red Nucleus

-relay nuclei b/w the cerebellum to the thalamus

Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus

-fiber pathway b/w the vestibular nuclei and the CN nuclei III, IV, VI to coordinate head/eye movements

Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

-fiber pathway to & from the cerebellum

Middle Cerebellar Peduncle

-fiber pathway to & from the cerebellum

Mesencephalic, Main sensory Nucleus, Motor Nucleus of CN V

-3 nuclear components of the trigeminal nerve nuclei

Cranial Nerve V

-motor & sensory fibers of CN V

Pontine Nuclei

-collection of neurons in the pons that receive input from the neocortex & send crossing fibers through the middle cerebellar peduncle

Locus Coeruleus

-a noradrenergic brainstem nucleus involved in mood, sleep/wake cycle

Raphe Nucleus Pontis

-one of several serotonin type nuclei involved in mood, sleep/wake cycle

Corticospinal Tract

-motor fibers from neocortex to spinal interneurons & lower motor neurons

Inferior & Medial Vestibular Nuclei

-nuclei of the vestibular system that regulate balance

Nucleus & Tractus Solitarius

-sensory nucleus for taste (CN VII), glands, chemo/baroreceptors (CN IX, X)

Dorsal Motor Nucleus Vagus (CN X)

-parasympathetic motor nucleus to lungs & gut

Spinal Nucleus & Tract of CN V

-nuclear & tract components of CN V that extends down into the upper cervical spinal cord

Inferior Olivary Nucleus

-origin of the climbing fibers the the cerebellar purkinje cells

Pyramid

-name given to the corticospinal tract fibers in medula

Reticular Formation

-network of neurons & axons that reside in the brain stem tegmentum involved in arousal, respiration, heart rate control

Nucleus CN IX

-glossopharyngeal nucleus with motor control over tongue & pharyngeal muscles with taste from

Lesions in brainstem will cause?

-contralateral signs & symptoms

Lesions in the brainstem nuclei/fascicle will cause?

-ipsilateral signs & symptoms

Structures Involved with: - Ipsilateral 3rd nerve paresis - Contral, hemiparesis

- Midbrain (base) - CN III fascicles - Cerebral Peduncle

Structures Involved with: - Ipsilateral 3rd nerve paresis - Contral. tremor - Contral. ataxia

- Midbrain (tegmentum) - CN III fascicles - Red nucleus - Superior cerebellar peduncle

Structures Involved with: - Ipsilateral 3rd nere paresis - contral. hemiparesis - Contral. tremor - Contral. ataxia

- Midbrain (base & tegmentum) - CN III fascicles - Red nucleus - Superior cerebellar peduncle - Substantia nigra

Midbrain Stroke Syndromes

-ipsilateral CN III palsy & loss of pupillary constriction due to damage of the oculomotor neclear complex including the parasympathetic Edinger-Westphal nucleus

Structures Involved with: - contral. hemiparesis - ipsilateral LMN - facial paresis

- Medial Pons (base & tegmentum) - corticospinal & corticobulbar tracts - CN VII fascicles

Structures Involved with: - contral. hemiparesis - ipsilateral LMN - facial paresis - ipsilateral gaze - paresis

- Medial Pons (base & tegmentum) - corticospinal & corticobulbar tracts - CN VII fascicles - PPRF and/or CN VI

Structures Involved with: - contral. arm/leg weakness - contral. decrease position/vibration - ipsilateral tongue weakness

- Medial Medulla - corticospinal tract - medial lemniscus - CN XII

Structures Involved with: - ipsilateral ataxia, vertigo nausea - ipsilateral decrease face pain sensation - contral. decrease body pain sensation - ipsilateral Horner's Dysphagia

- Lateral Medulla - Vest. nuclei - inc. cerebellar peduncle - CN V & tract - spinothalamic tract - sympathetic fibers - nucleus ambiguus - nucleus solitarius