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Neurology > Cerebellum & Brainstem > Flashcards

Cerebellum & Brainstem Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebellar Function

A
  • “comparator” that compensates for error in movement by comparing intention with performance
  • coordination of somatic motor activity (reg. muscle tone & equilibrium)
  • cognition, emotion, affective processing
  • sequencing incoming sensory patterns & detecting temporal changes in the sequence of sensory events
  • anticipate & smooth out movements of trunk/limbs by slow feedback pathways (improve motor) & fast forward mech. that regulates second to second movements & keeps them on track
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2
Q

Vermis & Paravermian Control?

A

-axial musculature (neck, trunk)

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3
Q

Lateral Hemispheres of Cerebellum control?

A

-limbs (arms, legs)

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4
Q

Flocculonodular Lobe controls?

A

-maintaining balance

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5
Q

Lateral Hemispheres of Cerebellum project to what nuclei?

A

-dentate nuclei

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6
Q

The Paravermal Zones of Cerebellum project to what nuclei?

A

-globose & emboliform (interpositus nuclei)

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7
Q

The Vermis of Cerebellum projects to what nuclei?

A

-fastigial nuclei

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8
Q

Afferents & Efferents: Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

A

Afferents: Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract
Acoustic & Optic Information
Efferents: Dentatorubrothalamic Tract
Dentatothalamic Tract

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9
Q

Afferents & Efferents: Middle Cerebellar Peduncle

A

Afferents: Pontocerebellar Tract
Efferents: none

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10
Q

Afferents & Efferents: Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle

A 
Afferents: Vestibulocerebellar Tract
               Olivocerebellar Tract
               Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract
Efferents: Cerebellovestibular Tract
               Cerebelloolivary Tract
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11
Q

Dentatothalamic Tracts

A

-carry info from the lateral portions of the anterior & posterior cerebellar cortices to the thalamus & onto the contralateral motor cortex to coordinate movement in the limbs ipsilateral to the cerebellar hemisphere of origin

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12
Q

Cerebelloolivary Fibers

A

-carry info from the vermis & flocculonodular lobes through the EGF nuclei to the vestibular nuclei, the olivary nuclei, & the brainstem reticular formation

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13
Q

Cerebellar Cortex

A

-gray matter
-3 layers:
Molecular layer - Basket & Stellate cells
Purkinje Cell layer - Purkinje cells
Granule cell layer - Golgi & Granule Cells
-5 different neuron types

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14
Q

What are the only output neurons of the cerebellar cortex?

A

-Purkinje cells

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15
Q

What is the only direct imput to the Purkinje cells from outside the cerebelum?

A

-climbing fibers that have their origin in the olivary nuclei

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16
Q

Mossy Fibers

A
  • imput to perkinje cells that first synapse in the cerebellar glomeruli (synapse with granule * golgi cell dendrites & with Golgi axon terminals)
  • Granule cells then pass on info to Purkinje cell
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17
Q

Stellate & Basket Cells

A

-inhibitory effect on Purkinje cells

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18
Q

3 Functional Divisions of Cerebellum

A
  • Vestibulocerebellum
  • Spinocerebellum
  • Cerebrocerebellum
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19
Q

Function of Vestibulocerebellum

A

-coordinate eye, head, neck movements & maintains balance

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20
Q

Function of Spinocerebellum

A

-coordinate trunk & proximal limb movements

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21
Q

Function of Cerebrocerebellum

A
  • coordinate fine motor planning of limbs
  • anticipates sensory consequences of movements
  • cognitive memory of motor functions

(right controls right, left controls left)

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22
Q

Clinical Signs of Cerebellar Dysfunction

A
  • unstable gait & stance with a tendency to fall, broad based gait “sailor’s gait”, reeling & drunken
  • jerky/unsmooth movements, intentional tremor
  • ataxia (dis-coordination): trunk or extremities
  • dysmetria of movement: goal-directed movement can over or undershoot target
  • eye-movement disorders: nystagmus, saccadic & smooth pursuit dysmetria
  • speech disorders: ataxia dysarthria w/scanning speech, difficulty to maintain speech rhythm, intonation & correct articulation
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23
Q

Superior Colliculus

A

-functions in the control of reflex movements that orient the eyes, head, & neck in response to visual, auditory, & somatic stimuli

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24
Q

Periaqueductal Gray Matter

A

-functions in the processing of autonomic & limbic activities & modulation of nociception

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25
Q

Aqueduct

A

-passageway connecting 3rd & 4th ventricles

26
Q

Nucleus of Edinger-Westphal

A

-parashymathetic innervation of the eye to constrict the iris & to the ciliary muscle to alter lens shape for accommodation

27
Q

Cranial Nerve III nuclei & nerve

A

-motor control of eye muscles

28
Q

Spinothalamic tract

A

-fiber pathway to thalamus for pain/temperature from periphery

29
Q

Medial Lemniscus

A

-sensory pathway for proprioception connecting the nucleus gracilis & cuneatus with the thalamus

30
Q

Medial Geniculate

A

-thalamic relay nuclei for auditory information

31
Q

Lateral Geniculate

A

-thalamic relay nuclei for visual information

32
Q

Cerebral Peduncle

A

-fiber bundles of the corticospinal tract connecting the cerebral cortex to the brainstem

33
Q

Optic Tract

A

-optic fibers from optic chiasm to the lateral geniculate

34
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

-one of several nuclei involved in smooth motor control; degenerates in parkinson’s disease

35
Q

Red Nucleus

A

-relay nuclei b/w the cerebellum to the thalamus

36
Q

Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus

A

-fiber pathway b/w the vestibular nuclei and the CN nuclei III, IV, VI to coordinate head/eye movements

37
Q

Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

A

-fiber pathway to & from the cerebellum

38
Q

Middle Cerebellar Peduncle

A

-fiber pathway to & from the cerebellum

39
Q

Mesencephalic, Main sensory Nucleus, Motor Nucleus of CN V

A

-3 nuclear components of the trigeminal nerve nuclei

40
Q

Cranial Nerve V

A

-motor & sensory fibers of CN V

41
Q

Pontine Nuclei

A

-collection of neurons in the pons that receive input from the neocortex & send crossing fibers through the middle cerebellar peduncle

42
Q

Locus Coeruleus

A

-a noradrenergic brainstem nucleus involved in mood, sleep/wake cycle

43
Q

Raphe Nucleus Pontis

A

-one of several serotonin type nuclei involved in mood, sleep/wake cycle

44
Q

Corticospinal Tract

A

-motor fibers from neocortex to spinal interneurons & lower motor neurons

45
Q

Inferior & Medial Vestibular Nuclei

A

-nuclei of the vestibular system that regulate balance

46
Q

Nucleus & Tractus Solitarius

A

-sensory nucleus for taste (CN VII), glands, chemo/baroreceptors (CN IX, X)

47
Q

Dorsal Motor Nucleus Vagus (CN X)

A

-parasympathetic motor nucleus to lungs & gut

48
Q

Spinal Nucleus & Tract of CN V

A

-nuclear & tract components of CN V that extends down into the upper cervical spinal cord

49
Q

Inferior Olivary Nucleus

A

-origin of the climbing fibers the the cerebellar purkinje cells

50
Q

Pyramid

A

-name given to the corticospinal tract fibers in medula

51
Q

Reticular Formation

A

-network of neurons & axons that reside in the brain stem tegmentum involved in arousal, respiration, heart rate control

52
Q

Nucleus CN IX

A

-glossopharyngeal nucleus with motor control over tongue & pharyngeal muscles with taste from

53
Q

Lesions in brainstem will cause?

A

-contralateral signs & symptoms

54
Q

Lesions in the brainstem nuclei/fascicle will cause?

A

-ipsilateral signs & symptoms

55
Q

Structures Involved with:

  • Ipsilateral 3rd nerve paresis
  • Contral, hemiparesis
A
  • Midbrain (base)
  • CN III fascicles
  • Cerebral Peduncle
56
Q

Structures Involved with:

  • Ipsilateral 3rd nerve paresis
  • Contral. tremor
  • Contral. ataxia
A
  • Midbrain (tegmentum)
  • CN III fascicles
  • Red nucleus
  • Superior cerebellar peduncle
57
Q

Structures Involved with:

  • Ipsilateral 3rd nere paresis
  • contral. hemiparesis
  • Contral. tremor
  • Contral. ataxia
A
  • Midbrain (base & tegmentum)
  • CN III fascicles
  • Red nucleus
  • Superior cerebellar peduncle
  • Substantia nigra
58
Q

Midbrain Stroke Syndromes

A

-ipsilateral CN III palsy & loss of pupillary constriction due to damage of the oculomotor neclear complex including the parasympathetic Edinger-Westphal nucleus

59
Q

Structures Involved with:

  • contral. hemiparesis
  • ipsilateral LMN
  • facial paresis
A
  • Medial Pons (base & tegmentum)
  • corticospinal & corticobulbar tracts
  • CN VII fascicles
60
Q

Structures Involved with:

  • contral. hemiparesis
  • ipsilateral LMN
  • facial paresis
  • ipsilateral gaze
  • paresis
A
  • Medial Pons (base & tegmentum)
  • corticospinal & corticobulbar tracts
  • CN VII fascicles
  • PPRF and/or CN VI
61
Q

Structures Involved with:

  • contral. arm/leg weakness
  • contral. decrease position/vibration
  • ipsilateral tongue weakness
A
  • Medial Medulla
  • corticospinal tract
  • medial lemniscus
  • CN XII
62
Q

Structures Involved with:

  • ipsilateral ataxia, vertigo nausea
  • ipsilateral decrease face pain sensation
  • contral. decrease body pain sensation
  • ipsilateral Horner’s Dysphagia
A
  • Lateral Medulla
  • Vest. nuclei
  • inc. cerebellar peduncle
  • CN V & tract
  • spinothalamic tract
  • sympathetic fibers
  • nucleus ambiguus
  • nucleus solitarius

Neurology (18 decks)

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