Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

ANS Neurotransmitters: Sympathetic

Answer 1

• Preganglionic-ACh (Adrenal Glands)
• Postganglionic-Norepinephrin
  - ACh (Sweat Glands, Erector Pili)

Question 2

ANS Neurotransmitters: Parasympathetic

Answer 2

-Pre- and Postganglionic - Acetylcholine

Question 3

ANS Neurotransmitters: Enteric

Answer 3

-variety of neruotransmitters plus neuropeptides

Question 4

Subdivision of the ANS

Answer 4

• Sympathetic/Thoracolumbar
• Parasympathetic/Craniosacral
• Enteric

Question 5

ANS: Eye

Answer 5

Parasympathetic: 
Constricts, contracts - Pupil, Radial Muscle      
Cilliary Muscle - contracts, near vision
Sympathetic: 
Pupil, Radial Muscle - dilates, relaxes
Cilliary Muscle - relaxes, far vision

Question 6

ANS: Glands

Answer 6

Parasympathetic:
increase secretions (lacrimal)
watery secretions (salivary, parotid)

Sympathetic:
thick secretions (salivary, parotid)
stimulate sweating

Question 7

ANS: Heart

Answer 7

Parasympathetic:
decrease contraction force (cardiac muscle)
dilate (coronary arteries)
reduce rate, conduction (S-A, A-V nodes)

Sympathetic:
inc. contraction force (cardiac muscle)
constrict (alpha), dilate (beta) (coronary arteries)
increase rate, conduction (S-A, A-V nodes)

Question 8

ANS: Arterioles

Answer 8

Parasympathetic:
Dilate (skin, Skeletal, Pulmonary, Abdominal viscera, Renal)

Sympathetic:
alpha - constrict, beta-receptors (skin, Skeletal, Pulmonary, Abdominal viscera, Renal)

Question 9

ANS: Lung

Answer 9

Parasympathetic:
contracts (constricts bronchi) (bronchial muscle)

Sympathetic:
relax (dilates bronchi) (bronchial muscle)

Question 10

ANS: Gastrointestinal

Answer 10

Parasympathetic:
stimulate peristalsis (wall muscle)
relaxes (sphincter muscle)
inc. secretions (secretions)

Sympathetic:
inhibit peristalsis (wall muscle)
contracts (sphincter muscle)
dec. secretions (secretions)

Question 11

ANS: Pancreas

Answer 11

Parasympathetic:
inc. insulin-glucagon
secretion

Sympathetic:

dec. insulin secretion
inc. glucagon secretion

Question 12

ANS: Liver

Answer 12

Sympathetic:
stimulate glycogenolysis

Question 13

ANS: Adrenal

Answer 13

Sympathetic:
stimulates
epi/norepinephrine release

Question 14

ANS: Ureter, Bladder

Answer 14

Parasympathetic:
contracts (wall muscle)
relaxes (sphincter)

Sympathetic:
relaxes (wall muscle)
contracts (sphincter)

Question 15

ANS: Reproductive, Erectile Tissue

Answer 15

Parasympathetic:
relaxes, causing erection

Sympathetic:
stimulates ejaculation

Question 16

Sympathetic Synapses

Answer 16

• Primary neuron synapse in intermedial lateral zone in lateral horn of spinal cord w/2nd neuron
• 2nd neuron leaves and go to chain ganglia
  
  • can move through & synapse with tertiary neuron elsewhere
  • can synapse with tertiary neuron in chain
  • can move up or down chain & then exit to synapse

Question 17

Edinger-Westphal Nucleus

Answer 17

• primary neuron body that gives pupil constriction (synapses with ciliary ganglion (secondary neuron))
• which synapses with terminal ganglia in the eye (CN III)

Question 18

Superior/Inferior Salivatory Nuclei

Answer 18

Superior: synapses with pterygopalatine ganglion which synapses in terminal ganglia in lacrimal and salivary glands (CN VII)

Inferior: synapses with otic/submandibular ganglion which synapses in terminal ganglia in parotid gland (CN IX)

Question 19

Dorsal Motor Nucleus of the Vagus & the Nucleus Ambiguus

Answer 19

Synapses with ganglia that synapse in terminal ganglia in heart and abdomen organs (decrease HR, bronchoconstrict, increase digestion)
-CN X (vagus)

Question 20

Parasympathetic outflow from S2-S4

Answer 20

Innervates lower colon, rectum, bladder, prostate, and genitals (increases defecation, micturition, and sexual function)

Question 21

The local neurons in the gut create what 2 networks?

Answer 21

1) myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus
2) submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus
- function independently of central ANS

Question 22

Myenteric Plexus

Answer 22

• responsible for regulating gut smooth muscle (gut motility)
• between longitudinal & circular muscle layers

Question 23

Sub mucus plexus

Answer 23

• regulates glandular secretions

- beneath circular muscle layer

Question 24

Final Common pathway of Gut Motility

Answer 24

-through the enteric nervous system with ACh as the effector neurotransmitter

Question 25

The outflow of the ANS is Regulated by?

Answer 25

- amygdala | - hypothalamus

Question 26

Horner's Syndrome

Answer 26

- ptosis (drooped eyelid) & meiosis (small pupil) - lesion of sympathetic fibers at any point from hypothalamus to ciliary nerve - Central lesion (brainstem/spinal cord): loss of sweating over entire side of body - Peripheral lesion (T1-2 nerve root): loss of sweating only on side of face, neck, head

Question 27

Exit of sympathetic pathway to the eye?

Answer 27

T1-T2 (entry into paravertebral ganglion with second synapse in superior cervical ganglion tertiary (postganglioinic) neuron with the carotid sheath & the entry of the sympathetic fibers into the cranial vault with the carotid artery, the sympathetic fibers travel along the short & long ciliary nerves to reach the tarsal muscles & the dilators of the iris

Question 28

Cardiovascular Regulation by the ANS

Answer 28

- Baroreceptors (mechanical) in heart & major blood vessels provide info about BP to nucleus of solitary tract via the glossopharyngeal (IX) & vagus (X) nerves - Chemoreceptors (chemical) located in carotid body provide info on conc. of O2 & CO2 in blood to solitary nucleus via CNs IX and X - Interneurons connect solitary nucleus to nucleus ambiguus, the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, & midbrain sympathetic neurons which send efferent para & sympathetic fibers to the heart

Question 29

Micturition/Bladder by the ANS

Answer 29

- Pain/Temp: para&sympathetic to spinal cord (spinothalamic tract to thalmus then cortex) - Bladder Fullness: mechanoreceptors, spinal cord by parasympathetic fibers goes to thalamus/cortex by spinothalamic - Sympathetic: detrusor to store

Question 30

Autonomic Control of Sexual Function

Answer 30

-book

Question 31

Signs/Symptoms of Autonomic Dysfunction

Answer 31

-dry eyes (sicca), dry mouth -pupil dilation (mydriasis), pupil constriction (miosis), drooping eyelids (ptosis) -fainting, lightheadedness, orthostasis -constipation, diarrhea -urinary incontinence, retention, incomplete bladder emptying -erectile dysfunction, dec. vaginal lubrication -dec./inc. sweating -skin flushing, skin pallor, Raynaud's phenomenon

Question 32

Neurogenerative Diseases

Answer 32

- Multisystem atrophy | - Idiopathic Parkinson's disease

Question 33

Acute Neuropathies

Answer 33

- Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (Guillain Barre) - Acute autonomic neuropathy - paraneoplastic syndromes (Eaton-Lambert)

Question 34

Chronic Neuropathies

Answer 34

- Diabetes - Amyloidosis - EtOH abuse - Chemotherapy (cisplatin, vincristin, paclitaxel) - HIV - Infections (Lyme disease, Syphilis) - Hereditary sensory neuropathies (Familial dysautonomia (Riley-Day))