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Ecology Final > Landscape Ecology and Biogeography > Flashcards

Landscape Ecology and Biogeography Flashcards

1
Q

Biogeography

A

Geography of biodiversity. history of taxonomic lineages across space and time. global and continental scales.

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2
Q

Landscape Ecology

A

Influence of the composition and arrangement of habitats across a large spatial area.

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3
Q

There are … major geographic regions

A

six.

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4
Q

Landscape ecology

A

influence of the composition and arrangement of habitats across a large spatial area. landscape architecture influences individuals, populations, communities and ecosystems.

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5
Q

Habitat Heterogeneity

A

Reflects recent and historical events caused by natural and human forces.

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6
Q

Legacy effects

A

long term effects of past events on current ecology. (glaciation, ancient settlements).

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7
Q

Species richness increases from … to … scales due to increasing habitat ….

A

local, regional, heterogeneity

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8
Q

Alpha, a, local diversity

A

of species in a relatively small area

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9
Q

Beta, b, diversity

A

of species differing between two local habitats

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10
Q

How do you find beta, b, diversity

A

You find out how many species are in each place that isnt in the other. Then you add these two values together.

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11
Q

Gamma, y, regional diversity

A

of species in all habitats of a large geographic area

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12
Q

high b diversity resulting in high y diversity is seen in disturbed or undisturbed forests.

A

Undisturbed

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13
Q

Species in both disturbed and undisturbed areas have … a diversity

A

similar

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14
Q

Ecosystem engineers

A

Species that have a disproportionate affect (relative to their biomass) on landscapes.

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15
Q

Many human activities lead to … which …. patch number in a habitat

A

fragmentation, increases

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16
Q

Species-area relationships

A

Mac-arthur and Wilson figured that larger areas contain more species. Presented in log scale to present line between area size and number of species.

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17
Q

Species-area relationship studies often rely on

A

habitat “islands”

18
Q

Species area relationship formula

19
Q

Among islands of similar size, … contain more species than …

A

near islands, far, islands.

20
Q

Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography

A

Number of species on an “island” reflects a balance between colonization and extinction rates that are impacted by island isolation and size. The equilibrium number of species is the point where the number of species being gained is “balanced” by the number being lost

21
Q

As species size increases colonization rates … and extinction rates …

A

decrease, increase

22
Q

Smaller islands should have higher … rates

A

extinction

23
Q

S with the ^ at the top indicates

A

Species richness

24
Q

Islands nearer to source habitat should have higher … rates

A

colonization. More species able to disperse that far. Nearer islands have higher species richness.

25
Q

The most amount of species on an island would be … and …

A

near and large

26
Q

The second most would be the … and ….

A

far and large

27
Q

Near and far are associated with

A

colonization

28
Q

Small and large are associated with

A

extinction

29
Q

…. is more important than … for richness

A

size, distance

30
Q

memorize the six biogeographic regions

31
Q

Pangea

A

Single landmass 250 millions years ago. Split into two parts: Gondwana, Laurasia

32
Q

Gondwana

A

What is now South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, and India.

33
Q

Laurasia

A

What is now North America, Europe, and Asia

34
Q

Separation of super continents happened earlier in the

35
Q

Continental Drift

A

Has allowed individual continents independently to evolve different groups of organisms for long periods.

36
Q

Importance of Continental Plates

A

Creates and breaks barriers to dispersal. Positions of continents and ocean basins influence climate.

37
Q

Vicariance

A

Splitting of a widely distributed ancestral population by continental drift. Separation of lineages can also happen via dispersal (after a geographic event). Both likely played a role in unique species found in isolated places like Madagascar.

38
Q

The Great American Interchange

A

Animals moving from north to south and south to north successfully and unsuccessfully

39
Q

50-30 mya poles were

40
Q

2 mya … occurred due to the …

A

ice ages, gradual cooling

41
Q

Longer Evolutionary History Hypothesis

A

Goes against the idea that animals are plentiful in warmer areas by saying that the tropics have generally stayed where they are now so the species had time to evolve. Large land area as well.

42
Q

Climate Stability Hypothesis

A

Fewer species can tolerate climatically unfavorable or variable conditions. More can tolerate climatically favorable conditions.

Ecology Final (18 decks)

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