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Ecology Final > Competition > Flashcards

Competition Flashcards

1
Q

Competition is only found

A

between species of overlapping niches

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2
Q

Degree of niche overlap impacts degree of

A

competition

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3
Q

Complete Competitors

A

Share the same niche. Limited by the same one resource

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4
Q

Competitive Exclusion Principle

A

Complete competitors cannot coexist indefinitely

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5
Q

Liebig’s law of the minimum

A

population increases until the supply of the most limiting resource prevents it from increasing further.

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6
Q

True or false. All competitors cannot coexist.

A

False. Complete competitors cannot co exist because theyre limited by the same resources. Competitors can if they arent limited by resources.

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7
Q

We need to extend the … model to consider the impact of each species on the other

A

logistic

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8
Q

Lotka Voltera Competition Model

A

Species 1: dN/dt =r1n1(1-N1+aN2/K1)

Species 2: dN/dt=r2n2(1-N2+BN2/K2)

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9
Q

a in the Lotka Voltera Competition Model

A

Competitive effect of species 2 on species 1.

-Species 1/Species 2

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10
Q

B in the Lotka Voltera Competition Model

A

Competitive effect of species 1 on species 2

-Species 2/Species 1

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11
Q

Two Species Equilibrium

A

When the observed growth of both species is 0

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12
Q

When species 1 is at equilibrium, the equation is

A

N1=K1-aN2

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13
Q

When N1 =0 then

A

Either:

N2=K1/a
or
N2=K2

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14
Q

When N2=0 then

A

N1=K1
or
N1=K2/B

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15
Q

Species 1 is on … and has … vectors

A

x axis, horizontal

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16
Q

Species 2 is on … and has … vectors

A

y axis, vertical

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17
Q

Phase Plane Diagram

A

Put species 1 and species 2 on one graph. Four possible outcomes

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18
Q

If isocline for species 1 is farther out …

A

species 2 will go extinct

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19
Q

Is isocline for species 2 is farther out…

A

species 1 will go extinct

20
Q

There is an unstable equilibrium (two possible final equilibrium points) when

A

K1 and K2 are the outer most parts. B and a are both high.

21
Q

There is a stable equilibrium (coexistence) when

A

K1 and K2 are the inner most parts.

22
Q

Coexistence can occur when intraspecific competition is

A

stronger than interspecific competiton. (B and a <1)

23
Q

Two types of true competition

A

Exploitation and Interference Competition

24
Q

Exploitation Competition

A

Individuals most efficiently consume the resource. This can drive down resource abundance so that others can persist.

25
Q

Interference Competition

A

One species actively prevents the other, by behavioral or chemical interference, from exploiting the resource.

26
Q

Allelo-chemicals/Allelopathy

A

Secondary compounds produced by some plant species that kill neighbors.

27
Q

Apparent competition

A

Impacts resembling competition but not due to shared resources. Mediated by a shared predator or parasite. Ex. Indirect negative impact of pheasants on partridges via nematodes.

28
Q

The starting point in lotka voleta is

A

pop of species 1, pop of species 2

29
Q

Cyclic oscillations

A

Regular oscillations over a period of time. Fluctuations can occur synchronously among populations and species

30
Q

Delays related to … are common in nature

A

gestation

31
Q

Delayed Density Dependence

A

When dependence occurs based on density some point in the past.

32
Q

Degree of cycling in populations depends on r*…

A

t. Time delay.

33
Q

Larger t (time delay) means

A

bigger overshoot of K later on

34
Q

When rt is smaller than 0.37…

A

the population approaches K without oscillations

35
Q

When rt is in the middle of 0.37 and 1.57

A

There are damped oscillations. Amplitude declines over time.

36
Q

When rt is greater than 1.57

A

Oscillations. Big time delay

37
Q

Delayed density dependence can also be caused by (other than gestation)

A

energy/nutrient storage

38
Q

Peak density is reach once every … years

A

r*t

39
Q

Smaller populations … quicker but also … quicker

A

grow, go extinct

40
Q

Deterministic model

A

Used fixed values (ignoring random variation)

41
Q

Stochastic model

A

Incorporate random variation in population growth rates

42
Q

Demographic Stochasticity

A

Births and deaths happen in integers. Random differences among individuals cause population rates to vary from the expected mean. Impact important for small populations

43
Q

Environmental Stochasticity

A

Variation in birth & death rates due to random environmental changes.

44
Q

Impact of environmental and demographic stochasticity more important for … populations

A

smaller

45
Q
A

Ecology Final (18 decks)

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