Landing Phase

Question 1

What is the LDA?

Answer 1

Landing distance available

length or runway available, not including stopway

Question 2

What is the approach funnel? What are its dimensions?

Answer 2

A protected plane of obstacle free area under the approach path

• Starts 60m from threshold
• 300m wide and expands at 15%
• Upwards incline of 2% that runs tangential to the most penalising obstacle

Question 3

What is V(ls)? what is the numerical value for it?

Answer 3

Lowest selectable speed

1.23Vs1g for the actual configuration

Question 4

What is V(app)?

Answer 4

Final approach speed

Aircraft speed during landing, 50 ft above the runway surface

Question 5

What is the min and max wind correction to V(app)

Answer 5

5kts - 15kts

Question 6

What is V(ref)? What is it equal to?

Answer 6

Reference speed
Steady landing approach speed for a defined landing configuration

V(ref) = V(ls) in CONF FULL
Corrections can be applied for abnormal/ emergency/ wind as needed

Question 7

What is the definition of actual landing distance (ALD)? What configuration and conditions (7) does the certification require?

Answer 7

Horizontal distance necessary to come to a complete stop from a point 50 ft above the runway

LDG config
Stable approach of V(ls) down to 50ft
Standard temp
No excessive vertical acceleration
Acceptable wheel braking systems
no spoilers or reversers on a dry runway
Smooth, level, dry, hard surface RWY

Question 8

What wind component correction factors must be added to ALD?

Answer 8

Not more than 50% HWC

Not less than 150% TWC

Question 9

What is an approach climb? What configuration and gradient is required to be demonstrated for normal or CAT II/III approach?

Answer 9

A/C’s climb ability in the case of a single engine go around on approach to land

Approach config:

• 1 engine INOP
• TOGA thrust
• Gear up
• Slats/ Flaps in approach config
• Speed between 1.23Vs1g and 1.41Vs1g

Must demonstrate 2.1% climb gradient (twin) or 2.5% on a CATII/III ILS

Question 10

What is a landing climb? What configuration and gradient is required to be demonstrated?

Answer 10

a/c ability to climb in the landing config after a go around in the landing configuration

Landing Config:

• All engines
• Thrust available 8 seconds after TOGA applied
• Gear down
• Slats/ flaps in LDG config
• Speed between 1.13Vs1g and 1.23Vs1g

Must demonstrate 3.2% climb gradient (all)

Question 11

What is the effect of Pressure ALT, Temp, Slope on ALD and climb gradients?

Answer 11

• Increase PA = high ALD and low climb grad
• Increase Temp = low climb grad
• Up slope = low ALD

Question 12

How does the runway conditions affect landing distance required?

Answer 12

Low friction coefficient = Increase Landing distance

High precipitation drag = decrease landing distance

Question 13

How does engine bleed air and flap setting affect actual landing distance required or climb gradients?

Answer 13

• Bleed air on = decrease climb gradients

- Increase flap deflection = decrease landing distance, decreased climb gradient

Question 14

What is the definition of RLD? What assumptions are made in RLD when an aircraft is being dispatched?

Answer 14

Required landing distance -

• Still air
• most favourable runway based on forecast and prevailing conditions
• the ground handling characteristics of the aeroplane
• landing aids and terrain

Question 15

Within how much of the LDA must an aircraft’s RLD be within on a dry runway? What is the equation?

Answer 15

-Landing weight must permit landing within 60% of LDA and destination and any required alternate

RLD = ALD÷0.6 ≤ LDA

Question 16

When the runway is wet the required distance must be what? What is the equation?

Answer 16

The RLD must be at least 115% of the RLD on a dry runway

RLD(wet) = 1.15 * RLD(dry) ≤ LDA

Question 17

What is the RLD(contaminated) the greater of?

Answer 17

• 1.15 * ALD(contaminated)
• RLD(wet)

Greater of

Question 18

What is RLD with automatic landing on a dry runway?

Answer 18

• 1.15 * ALD(auto)
• RLD(manual)

The greater of

Question 19

What missed approach climb gradients must an aircraft meet for a normal approach vs a CATII or CATIII approach?

Answer 19

• Normal: 2.1% or whatever is published on approach chart

- CAT II/III: 2.5% or whatever is published on approach charts

Question 20

What is the max landing weight limited by?

Answer 20

• Max structural landing weight

- Max landing weight to meet performance requirements

Question 21

How should an overweight landing be conducted?

Answer 21

-By consulting the QRH and following abnormal overweight procedure

Question 22

When must an aircraft be equipped with a fuel jettisoning system?

Answer 22

-When the aircraft cannot meet approach or landing climb gradients at the MTOW- the fuel burned for a 15min circuit back to land