Lambing Period and Neonatal Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Name 6 common problems at lambing time

A

Dystocia, prolapses, metritis, mastitis, metabolic disease, abortion

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2
Q

What is ringwomb?

A

failure of cervix to dilate >5cm w/in 2 hours of onset of 2nd stage of labor

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3
Q

Causes of ringwomb?

A

Prematurity (abortion?), disturbance during 1st stage of labor, malpresentation, Ca deficiency, exogenous estrogens

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4
Q

Tx of ringwomb?

A

Manual dilation, hormonal, C-section

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5
Q

How do you tx uterine torsion?

A

Try casting and rolling ewe to correct - then allow time for cervix to dilate

c-section may be required

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6
Q

You have a old ewe in late pregnancy, with swelling of lower left abdomen (cranial to pubis), extensive ventral edema, and it has difficulty moving / feeding - what do is your diagnosis?

A

Prepubic tendon rupture

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7
Q

What are ewes with prepubic tendon rupture prone to getting?

A

pregnancy toxemia

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8
Q

When is c-section indicated in a ewe?

A

Relative fetal oversize, large pure-bred lambs in posterior presentation, incomplete cervical dilation

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9
Q

describe L block technique of LA for c-section

A

inverted L-block

50-60 ml 2% procaine (max)

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10
Q

Describe C-section in the ewe

A

1) Restrain
2) procaine penicillin & flunixin
3) prepare site (L flank)
4) vertical incision midway b/w last rib and wing of ilium
5) open abd muscles using scissors
6) locate uterine horn, exteriorize
7) incision in body of uterus - deliver lamb
8) check for lambs in other horn - remove fetal membranes
9) close incision
10) continuous sutures peritoneum & muscles
11) skin incision (simple interupted or cruciate w. 6.0 monofilament)
12) continue penicillin inj 3d after surgery

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11
Q

When are vaginal prolapses most likely to occur?

A

during last 4 weeks of pregnancy

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12
Q

Risk factors for vaginal prolapse?

A

Certain breeds, multiple fetuses, older ewes, bulky feed, high BCS, lack of exercise, steep sloping fields, short docking

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13
Q

Tx of vaginal prolapse?

A

Retention devices / harnesses
Surgery
cull

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14
Q

Tx of uterine prolapse?

A

position ewe w/ frog legs
replacement = as for vaginal
Abx for 3-5 days, NSAIDs, Calcium

no need to cull, unlikely to recurr

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15
Q

name 2 most common causes of mastitis in sheep

A

Mannheimia hemolytica, Staphylococcus aureus

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16
Q

CS of metritis

A
depression
inappetance
congested MM
vulval swelling / discharge
decreased milk production (hungry lambs)
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17
Q

Tx of metritis

A

Parenteral abx + NSAIDs

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18
Q

4 less common causes of mastitis

A

Streptococcus spp
E. coli
Leptospira interogans var. hardjo
Maedi-visna virus (indurative mastitis)

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19
Q

CS of mastitis

A

inappetant, often initially lame in one hind limb, noisy / hungry lambs, udder is swollen/hard/painful may become purple/cold due to necrosis
Ewes often die - in survivors, udder can slough
Less severe cases: abscesses, poor lamb growth, hard swellings w/in udder

20
Q

Tx of mastitis

A
Tilmicosin
NSAIDs (pain and endotoxic)
Gangrenous cases - euthanasia
21
Q

How do you tx hypothermia? (5hrs old)

A

If temp 5hr old = give glucose IP, then continue with other protocol

If moderately hypothermic (37-39) - dry off, give colostrum by stomach tube

Always return to ewe and monitor carefully

22
Q

What causes Watery mouth? (path)

A

non-enterotoxigenic E. coli ingested and multiplied in intestines -> endotoxemia (+ bacteremia)

23
Q

CS of watery mouth?

A

depression / lethargy, anorexia, profuse salivation, abdominal distension, +/- hypothermia

24
Q

When do you commonly see watery mouth? (what age)

A

1-3 day old lambs

triplets more affected than single/twin lambs

25
Q

Prevention of watery mouth?

A

colostrum early, hygiene, prophylactic oral abx w/in 15 min of birth?

26
Q

What are 4 main cause of neonatal lamb diarrhea?

A

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), Cryptosporidiosis, Salmonella, Enteric viruses

27
Q

CS (and what age) and Tx for Enterotoxigenic e. coli

A

CS = <48 hours old; severe watery brown diarrhea

Tx = prompt fluid therapy, abx

28
Q

CS for crypto

and what age

A

lambs 2-20 days old

profuse, watery diarrhea (+/- blood tinged), dehydration, inappetence, lethargy

29
Q

what are the two main salmonella subtypes that cause diarrhea in lambs?

A

typhimurium and dublin

30
Q

CS of salmonella

A

severe intestinal inflammation, bacteremia, endotoxemia =

profuse/bloody/fetid-smelling diarrhea, depression, +/- pyrexia, dehydration, dyspnoea, rapid progression to recumbency / death

31
Q

What causes lamb dysentery?

A

Clostridium perfringens type B (b and e toxins)

32
Q

When do you see lamb dysentery?

A

<3 weeks (commonly 1-3 days initially)

33
Q

CS of lamb dysentery

A
Sudden death (of strong, single lambs)
2-3 weeks old lambs = acute abdominal pain, +/- nervous signs, +/- dysentery (semi-fluid, blood stained feces)
34
Q

Diagnosis of lamb dysentery

A

Hx, CS, necropsy findings
Gram + rods
ELISA of beta and e toxins

35
Q

4 syndromes of neonatal bacteremias

A

Joint ill, spinal abcesses, navel ill, meningitis

36
Q

CS of joint ill (and when do you see it)

A

2-3 week old lambs

sudden onset lameness, not suckling, ill thrift

37
Q

Strep dysgalactiae, tick pyemia, and erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae can cause what in lambs?

A

arthritis

fyi - tick pyemia is caused by staph arthritis

38
Q

Where on the spine do spinal abscesses commonly occur in sheep?

also, what is the characteristic posture?

A

b/w T2 & L3

“dog sitting” posture (spastic paralysis of hindlimbs)

39
Q

you see a lamb that isn’t sucking, w/ episcleral congestion, dorsal strabismus, weakness and ataxia which has progressed into depression/stupor, hyperaesthesia, seizures, and pyrexia. What is your diagnosis?

A

Meningitis

40
Q

I HATE SHEEP

A

THIS IS NOT A JOKE

41
Q

CS of lambs with border disease?

A

Low birth weights / weakness
Limb abnormaities - long, fine bones, immobile joints
Narrow head, short mandible, domed skull
Nervous signs - tremor, ataxia, hypermetria
Hairy and abnormally pigmented fleece
=”HAIRY SHAKERS”

42
Q

What are 4 common trace element deficiencies in lambs?

A

iodine, copper, selenium, cobalt

43
Q

What management practices can be done to prevent neonatal losses?

A

skilled manpower, easy accessed lambing pens, good lighting, compact lambing period, good hygiene, stocking rates (no more than 1 ewe / 1.1m2 - individ pens at least 3m2) (1 pen/8 housed ewes), dip navels in iodine, appropriate genetics, appropriate nutrition

44
Q

how much colostrum does a 5kg lamb require? and when?

A

1 L in first 18-24 hours of life

45
Q

what can be substituted if a ewe’s colostrum sucks?

A

frozen excess colostrum from other ewes, cow colostrum, powdered colostrum

46
Q

What can happen if you use cow colostrum for lambs?

A

Cow colostrum-induced anemia

contain Ab to sheep RBC